Modern approaches in management. Characteristic features of modern management

2024 Author: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-17 10:16

In a changing world, it is impossible for an enterprise to stay afloat using only traditional management systems. In all countries, modern approaches to management, techniques and models are being developed and implemented. Many of them have shown their effectiveness and are widely used.

Basic approaches in modern management. Process approach

Management is understood as a continuous chain of functions, which depends on the performance of a number of interrelated actions.

Functions can be distinguished as follows:

• planning;
• organization;
• motivation;
• control;
• control;
• coordination;
• communication;
• analysis and evaluation;
• decision making.

The whole management process can be expressed by the functions of planning, organization, control, motivation. They are connected by processes of communication and decision-making.

System

This theory originates from the 50s and still plays an important role in management. The principle of feedback works here between parts and the whole, the whole and the environment, parts and the environment.

Any organization is perceived as a single mechanism, where various subsystems work, which are closely interconnected. This is an integrated approach, it takes into account all areas, departments, management levels, technical components, social factors.

Organization begins with goals and objectives, where the output is finished products. This takes into account all the links between managers, staff, customers. External influences in the form of legislation, economic influences, competitors also do not go unnoticed.

For this management concept, a number of actions are important:

• The object of study is indicated.
• The goals of the system and their impact on subsystems are highlighted.
• The mutual influence of the organization and all its sublevels is determined.
• The environmental impact is taken into account.
• Ways to improve performance are highlighted.

Situational approach

In management, a specific situation is taken that is currently important for the organization and affects it. Management methods are chosen based on the given situation.

There is no set rule or set of guidelines, it is an intellectual method, a way of thinking.

The situational approach in management is based on 4 main principles:

1. Knowledge of system analysis, planning, understanding of management processes, group behavior and various decision-making methods.
2. The ability to anticipate possiblethe results of their actions and the use of specific techniques.
3. The ability to analyze the situation in the moment. Highlight the most important factors and the consequences of their changes.
4. The right choice and use of those methods and techniques that will have minimal negative consequences. Finding the most effective ways for the organization.

Quantitative

The use of mathematics, computer technology, engineering science helps to construct accurate control models. They are created based on problems in large organizations.

Verbal reasoning is being replaced by digital models, there is an orientation towards quantitative values.

This is how the models of resource distribution, queuing, development strategy selection, etc. were developed.

In addition to the main approaches, modern management uses others. For example, the normative approach, behavioral or marketing, is no less important. Read more about them.

Normative

When using the normative approach, the enterprise establishes certain management standards. They take into account all the important elements of the target, managed, supporting subsystems.

The standards in each system are set individually and can take into account the size of losses and production waste, deductions from profits, the needs of employees.

Optimization

With this concept of management, the transition from qualitative to quantitative assessments is carried out. For this, special calculations are used, statisticalmethods, expert assessments, etc.

The laws of scale and economy of time are taken into account. The economic relationship between the quality of a product and the cost of its production is studied.

Directory

With a directive approach, functions, rights, obligations, costs are regulated in normative acts. Orders, instructions, plans and directives are being drawn up that everyone is required to follow.

Behavioral

This is a softer approach that helps employees unleash their strengths and creativity. The efficiency of the enterprise is enhanced by the right attitude of human resources.

The leader uses not only the method of coercion, but also tries to motivate people, direct, convince them to move towards the goal.

Some schools consider competency-based management as a variation of the behavioral approach.

Its author - D. McClelland - studied the process of human work in order to find the ideal competencies of employees. He identified the main criteria, and later his methodology was actively developed in the USA.

This approach helps to model effective labor behavior, increase worker satisfaction and increase profits of the enterprise

Competence approach in management is used in various management processes. It is used in the selection and rotation of personnel, certification, in corporate culture.

Marketing

The essence of the approach is to increase the trading efficiency of the enterprise. Leaders must firstturn to focus on the market, respond in time to changing situations and influence circumstances.

The marketing approach primarily involves:

• market analysis;
• selection of the target audience;
• creating a marketing mix;
• implementation of marketing ventures.

What makes modern management different

The modern economy has contributed to the development of the following modern approaches in management:

• Personal qualities and characteristics of a manager come to the fore. They are subject to high demands. Intellectual leadership, the ability to competently manage a team, and create unique projects are valued. The personality of one person can actively influence the image of the entire organization.
• Management, on the one hand, combines many functions at the same time, and on the other hand, it is divided into modules. Various new types appear - marketing management, budget innovation, etc.
• Management culture is actively developing, innovations are constantly born, a large number of management courses appear.
• External and internal conditions are so unstable that managers are forced to constantly change course and reorganize goals.
• Modern management does not encourage authoritarianism and gives maximum freedom to the manager if his actions are aimed at effective transformation. Creation of teams and working groups to work on the development of the organization is encouraged.
• Innovative methods widely usedplanning and high technology. Mastery of modern methods largely determines the qualifications of managers.
• The risk factor in modern approaches to management is one of the most important in making any decisions.

Characteristic features of modern management

Unlike traditional approaches, modern approaches significantly expand the manager's area of responsibility. It must take into account all the factors affecting the enterprise and the results of its work. External, internal, controlled and even those that cannot be influenced in any way.

Modern management is a strategic approach at all levels of management, and the human factor is used here as fundamental.

The following positive points are noted:

1. 100% personal responsibility of the manager.
2. Developed communication at all levels.
3. Continuous training for employees and managers.
4. A workplace environment that helps workers reach their full potential.
5. Each employee consciously contributes to the overall result.
6. Abandoning an authoritarian leadership style in favor of leadership.
7. Developed communication skills to communicate with customers.
8. Business ethics.
9. Openness and trust in people.
10. Knowing and using basic management.
11. A clear vision of the path of the enterprise.
12. Continuous self-improvement and the desire to improve the quality of their work.
13. Comprehensive approach.

Practicallyit is not easy to implement all these management principles, but many modern enterprises are eager to innovate.

Among the management models, American and Japanese stand out. On their basis, a modern approach to management in other countries is being formed.

American model

This model used to be decisive in many countries. But managers who are interested in modern approaches to management are trying to move away from it, focusing more on the Japanese system.

This model is determined by the mentality of the people of America. The management system uses their ability to fight to the end, emphasize their exclusivity, strive for quick success.

The American model is based on the struggle for leadership. Until recently, the style of management in US companies was one-man, and a strict discipline was established. They demanded complete submission from the workers, democracy was only external.

Promotion happens quickly among those who manage to stand out. The place of work is constantly changing depending on where the pay is higher.

Japanese model

The fundamentals of Japanese management are recognized all over the world. It was formed under the influence of foreign experience, including American, but at the same time preserved the best national traditions.

The Japanese system is the most efficient in the world and is based on the ability to work with people. Since the country is not rich in natural resources, the stake was initially placed on human resources. This allowed the Japanese economy to exitin the lead among other countries. As a result, the model actively influences the formation of the features of modern management.

The enterprises are actively promoting the principle “We are all one family”. The main goal of managers is to establish good relations with employees, to create a single team.

The management itself is not authoritarian, but recommendatory. There is no need to outline the scope of the employee's responsibilities, because everyone is ready to do what the team needs. All are subordinated to one idea, striving to achieve a common goal.

The Japanese are so dedicated to their businesses that they often don't use weekends and paid holidays. In addition, a change of job is not welcome. When moving to another company, a person loses his merits and experience and is forced to start a career from scratch. Such workers are considered second class.

Promotion happens every 4-7 years. Since people most often work in one company all their lives, they try to diversify their activities. First of all, the most decent, modest and hardworking people are promoted.

Close communication between employees is strongly encouraged. Everyone starts the day with exercises and a corporate song, sits in offices without a partition, along with the boss. Leaders are not supposed to have a separate office, so as not to destroy the atmosphere of unity. There are no privileges depending on the rank, the salaries of a novice and a manager differ, but only by 7-8 times. Moreover, during a crisis, the salaries of management are reduced first of all.

The creation of working dynasties is encouraged. Firms willingly hire children and relativesrelatives of their employees. In 45% of cases, personnel are recruited on the basis of recommendations. And whoever recommended it is responsible for it.

Such management, taking into account the psychology of people, improved the traditional methods and allowed Japan to achieve great results. The system is now being rolled out in other advanced economies.

The state of Russian management

Management in the Russian Federation is in its infancy, its efficiency is still low. There is an acute problem of training good specialists in this field. Lack of truly effective management courses.

There are three conditional models of Russian management.

The "common sense" model

In the 90s, everyone who wanted to become leaders, even without any training in management. In those years, "common sense" was enough to run a business. But as organizations expanded, this model began to show its failure.

Model of "Soviet methods of management"

Not all organizations have been able to move forward. Their management system is not much different from the one that was 50 years ago.

Western culture model

First of all, the country adopts the external paraphernalia of Western management - elegance, good interior design, courtesy. Technological structures are also being actively introduced - computerization, special programs, communication systems.

Mastering the Western model of corporate governanceprogressed slowly, but has accelerated in recent years. The influence on the culture of Russian management is increasing and contributes to the introduction of the most modern management trends in Russia.

Prospects

Flexibility and simplicity is what modern management strives for. All changes and innovations are designed to ensure competitiveness and efficiency.

More organizations are looking to leave behind command-hierarchical relationships and focus on enhancing the best qualities of the staff.