Sectors of the economy: types, classification, management and economics. The main branches of the national economy

2024 Author: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-17 10:16

Each country has its own economy. It is thanks to industry that the budget is replenished, the necessary goods, products, and raw materials are produced. The degree of development of the state largely depends on the efficiency of the national economy. The higher it is developed, the greater the economic potential of the country and, accordingly, the standard of living of its citizens. The branches of the national economy are managed by special bodies. Often strategically important enterprises are controlled by the state.

The concept of a sector of the economy

All enterprises, factories, institutions that are engaged in the manufacture of products or services of the same type, constitute a certain industry. Very often, economic sectors closely interact with each other. They use in their production materials, raw materials, equipment from other industries. All branches of the national economy can be divided into two groups. The first is the mining industry. She is miningfossils, other varieties of raw materials. This also includes the extraction of seafood. The second category is the manufacturing industry. This type is engaged in the processing of all kinds of raw materials and materials. The main sectors of the national economy are directly industry, agriculture, construction, and the transport system. They, in turn, are divided into other subtypes.

Economic zones of Russia

The territory of the country has an uneven distribution of mineral reserves. That is why the branches of the Russian economy form two large economic zones: Eastern and Western. The first unites Siberia, the Far East and is characterized by considerable reserves of resources. The mining industry dominates here. The western part does not have such a raw material base. Therefore, here the branches of the economy are mainly manufacturing. 2/3 of all industrial areas are concentrated in this region.

Sectors of the national economy. Classification

Depending on the purpose of the products, the industries of groups "A" and "B" are distinguished. The first is engaged in the manufacture of means of production, the second - consumer goods. A distinction is also made between manufacturing and non-manufacturing areas. Branches of the economy that are related to the manufacturing sector:

• industry;
• communication, transport;
• agriculture;
• forest industry;
• construction;
• catering.

All services, community servicemake up the non-productive sphere:

• he althcare;
• education;
• utilities;
• art, culture;
• finance, pensions;
• science, etc.

Gas, oil, coal industry

The country's fuel and energy complex is a very important indicator of its development and economic potential. The gas industry includes the exploration of gas fields, its production, transportation and use. It is relatively inexpensive to produce blue fuel. For example, the cost of coal production exceeds the cost of gas production by more than 10 times. The oil industry is engaged in the search for deposits, production and delivery of oil. Natural gas is also produced at the same time. The most expensive is the coal industry. Stone, brown coal is mined in mines. Such branches of the economy require significant financial investments, as well as a large amount of human resources.

Power industry

The fuel and energy complex also includes the production and distribution of electrical energy. It is produced at thermal power plants, nuclear and hydroelectric power plants. Thermal power plants use gas, coal, fuel oil or peat for production. When they are burned, thermal energy is converted into electrical energy. Hydroelectric power plants are built on the banks of large reservoirs. The cost of electricity produced by them is much lower. If the region does not have rivers and large reserves of fuel, then nuclear power plants are being built. They use uranium ores in their work. The fuel consumption at the same timesignificantly less. Another undoubted advantage is the preservation of the cleanliness of the environment. A new word in energy - geothermal stations. They use the internal heat of the earth (located near volcanoes).

Metallurgy

Sectors of the economy of many countries (including Russia) include the production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Allocate full-cycle metallurgy (production of cast iron, steel, rolled products) and conversion, in which there is no cast iron. The location of enterprises of this type is affected by the availability of raw materials and electricity. The sectors of the national economy of Russia that are engaged in the production of steel and rolled products are one of the world leaders. The technology for the manufacture of non-ferrous metals has a number of features. First of all, ores are mined, then they are enriched. Concentrate, draft metal is produced. To give it the necessary properties and parameters, a refining operation is performed. Allocate the production of heavy (nickel, lead, tin) and light (aluminum, titanium) metals. Heavy metal metallurgy is material-intensive: the production of one ton of metal requires several hundred tons of ore. Most often, such enterprises are located near sources of raw materials.

Engineering

Enterprises of the machine-building complex should take into account a number of factors: the availability of raw materials and consumers, high qualification of personnel, favorable transport and geographical location. This includes the following sectors of the economy: automotive, railcar buildingindustry, production of ships, tractors. This category also includes instrument making, the manufacture of household appliances and electronic computers. This industry is also engaged in the manufacture of parts and components.

Enterprises of the forestry and chemical industries

Products of the timber industry complex meet us every day. These include notebooks, furniture and much more. The logging branches of the economy are engaged in the collection, processing and processing of wood. Often such enterprises are located in regions with extensive tree plantings. The woodworking industry makes building parts from wood, plywood, furniture.

Also this area includes the sawmill industry. Pulp and paper branches of the economy produce paper, cardboard, pulp, paper containers and much more. There is also a wood chemical industry. It is engaged in the manufacture of solvents, methyl alcohol, hydrolysis production. The chemical industry includes the manufacture of fibers, dyes, plastics, and the paint and varnish industry. This complex also includes pharmacology, the production of substances of organic synthesis, household chemicals.

Agricultural sectors

Agriculture is a rather important component of the country's economy, because it provides the population with food. This category is divided into animal husbandry and the cultivation of various plants (vegetables, fruits, cereals and industrial crops, etc.).

Sectors of agriculture that are engaged in animal breeding are cattle breeding (meat, dairy breeds), sheep breeding, poultry farming. There are also farms for growing pigs, horses, fish, fur-bearing animals. Beekeeping is also one of the areas of animal husbandry.