2024 Author: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-17 10:16
Growing mushrooms at home allows you to collect them all year round and earn extra income. You can grow these plants in any room where you can create an optimal microclimate. To get a good harvest, it is necessary to prepare the mycelium and substrate for oyster mushrooms and other types of mushrooms.
Cultivation of oyster mushrooms
For the optimal development of mycelium, it is necessary to create certain conditions. Oyster mushrooms require a room temperature of 24 degrees, humidity - about 85%. In the basement, do not turn on the light and ventilation, as this slows down the growth of the mycelium.
If all the requirements for the substrate for oyster mushrooms, growing conditions are met, the mycelium grows in the third week. During this period, it is necessary to ensure that no mycelial crust forms on the surface. It germinates if there are too many fungal spores in the soil and the temperature is too high.
In the cultivation of any mushrooms, the substrate plays a special role. He mustbe balanced, properly formulated and nutritious, and suitable for the growth and development of the selected mushroom species.
Tunnel substrate
Preparing a substrate for oyster mushrooms when grown in a tunnel method involves the use of soil containing cellulose, lignin, as well as fats and proteins. The main element is cereal straw. It is harvested in clear weather in ecologically clean areas. Stocks of material for the preparation of the substrate for oyster mushrooms are harvested a year in advance, but experienced mushroom growers recommend stocking up on straw for two years in advance. This is due to the fact that the amount of nitrogen in it increases, hygroscopicity increases.
The second component is sunflower husks, which must contain at least 15% moisture and at least 3% fat. The highest quality raw materials are harvested at the beginning of the harvesting season.
Also sawdust without conifers is introduced into the soil.
Mineral and nutritional supplements are used as additional elements of the substrate for oyster mushrooms. They help optimize the nitrogen content of the finished raw material. Usually, the mass of nutrient solids does not exceed 10% of the total mass of the soil.
To improve the structure of the nutrient mixture and maintain acidity at the right level, mineral supplements are used in the form of alabaster, slaked lime, soda ash.
Soil preparation
The substrate for growing oyster mushrooms in tunnels suggests itpreliminary preparation, which consists in carrying out such work:
- Crushing. The smaller the particles of the substrate, the easier it will be for the mycelium to grow. This is especially important if fresh straw is used - it must be chopped.
- Mixing. If mushrooms are planned to be grown on complex compost, which consists of several elements, then it is important to mix all the components until a homogeneous mass is obtained.
- Moisture. Mushrooms grow on a substrate with a sufficiently high level of humidity - the yield depends on this. The prepared compost is soaked in water until it absorbs the amount of moisture required for the full growth of mushrooms.
Before applying the substrate, squeeze out excess water from it, achieving a humidity level of 70-80%. With this indicator, you can achieve maximum yield.
Hydrothermal technique
To prepare the substrate for oyster mushrooms at home, hydrothermal processing technology is used. This is an important stage during which spores of parasitic fungi are removed. For this, high temperatures, microwave radiation, chemicals are used - the latter are used in large enterprises: hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite.
At home, with small areas, the soil can be processed in the microwave or simply pour boiling water over the substrate, allowing it to cool. After that, the excess liquid is drained and the mycelium is transferred.
Substrate in the tunnel
Cooking technologysubstrate for oyster mushrooms at home in the tunnel allows you to get environmentally friendly raw materials, completely devoid of pests, foreign microorganisms. In this case, a mixture of straw and manure is used to reproduce such compost (10 kg of manure per ton of straw).
Cooking rules
Prepare the substrate according to the following rules:
- Straw is crushed so that its particles are no larger than 8 cm.
- The prepared straw is laid out on a flat surface, where moistening will be carried out for several days, to a humidity level of 70-80%.
- Then the straw is laid in the tunnels so that it forms a flat surface.
- The tunnel is closed, ventilation is turned on. Gradually add fresh air to raise the microbial activity in the mixture.
As soon as the temperature of the substrate reaches 60-65 degrees, pasteurization begins. High temperature treatment takes about 12-24 hours.
Steam soil treatment
And how to prepare a substrate for oyster mushrooms, what other technologies are used? The soil can be treated with steam. Moreover, this technology can be non-sterile and sterile. In the latter case, the substrate is exposed to high temperatures - up to 130 degrees - because of which all microflora dies in the soil. However, this method is expensive and almost never used.
Non-sterile steam treatment is carried out not only on large farms, but also at home. The substrate is pouredboiling water and let cool for 3-4 hours. Then briquettes are formed for planting mycelium.
Growing Technology
The entire cultivation technology can be conditionally divided into four stages. At the first stage, the substrate is prepared and processed. At home, soil disinfection is carried out with hot water. Some growers recommend boiling the substrate for two hours.
You can process the substrate in this way in plastic bags, having previously made holes in them for free circulation of water. After draining the liquid, the soil is left to flow around for a day so that all excess moisture is gone. If disinfection was carried out in briquettes, then the removal of excess liquid is carried out by placing the soil under the press.
The mycelium is planted under sterile conditions. The substrate is laid out in an even layer on the table and mixed with mushroom mycelium (2% mycelium per 10 kg of soil). Then the mixture is laid out in bags, tightly packed. On the one hand, cuts are made on the bags at an angle of 45 degrees and about 5 cm long.
At a temperature of 25 degrees, mushrooms germinate. During this period, it is necessary to ensure that the temperature does not rise above 30, otherwise the oyster mushroom will experience a heat shock and the fungus will die.
Harvesting occurs in 1, 5-2 months. After the first harvest, the second will appear in two weeks. To speed up this process, the legs are cut off completely, and the substrate is sorted out.
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