2024 Author: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Last modified: 2024-01-17 18:37
The quality of the engine and the entire fuel system is not least affected by the properties of the fuel. Today, manufacturers in Russia also offer diesel fuel GOST 305-82. The state standard, developed back in 1982, is already outdated, as, indeed, the fuel itself, which until recently was produced according to it.
GOST 305-82
Created back in the Soviet Union, this standard, which regulates the manufacture of diesel fuel, is interstate. It defines both the technical conditions of production and the characteristics of the fuel, which was intended for cars, industrial units and ships with high-speed diesel engines.
Modern fuel, manufactured according to international European standards, has practically ousted diesel fuel from the market, for the production of which the old GOST was used. EURO diesel fuel, except thathas significantly higher performance, and is also much more environmentally friendly.
However, even today it is believed (at least in the post-Soviet space) that fuel, in which various permitted additives can be used, has some advantages due to its versatility and wide operating temperature range.
Scope of application
Diesel fuel (GOST 305-82) was used until recently for military and agricultural equipment, diesel ships and old-style trucks.
This fuel was used for heating low-rise buildings located far from the central heating supply. The combination of low price and sufficiently high energy efficiency made it possible to save the cost of maintaining houses.
Why in the past? The state standard of 1982 was replaced by GOST 305-2013, which entered into force in January 2015. And it clearly states that diesel fuel GOST 305-2013 is not sold through public filling stations and is intended for high-speed and gas turbine engines both domestically and in the countries of the Customs Union (Kazakhstan and Belarus).
Key Benefits
So, the main advantages are versatility and operating temperatures. In addition, the advantages of the good old diesel fuel are its operational reliability, proven for decades; the possibility of long-term storage without deterioration of technical characteristics; increase engine power.
Diesel fuel GOST 305-82 is easily filtered, containsnegligible amount of sulfur compounds and does not destroy engine parts.
The indisputable advantage of diesel fuel is its low price compared to other types of liquid fuels.
Main flaw
The main disadvantage of fuel, due to which, in fact, its use is limited, is a low environmental class. Diesel fuel GOST 305-82 (2013) belongs to class K2. And today, even types of fuel with environmental class K3 and K4 are prohibited for circulation on the territory of the Russian Federation.
Diesel grades
The old GOST set three grades of fuel, the new one - four. Also, the temperature ranges of their use and characteristics are somewhat different.
Parameters (GOST) of summer diesel fuel (L): operating temperature - from minus 5 °С, flash point for general purpose diesel engines - 40 °С, for gas turbine, marine and diesel engines - 62 °С.
Same flash point for inter-seasonal fuel (E) whose operating temperatures start at minus 15°C.
Winter fuel (W) is used at temperatures down to minus 35°С and up to minus 25°С. And if in the technical conditions of 1982 the range of operating temperatures was determined by the pour point of the fuel, then the new document refers to the filtration temperature - minus 35 ° C and minus 25 ° C, respectively.
Arctic (A) diesel fuel GOST 305-82 could be used from a temperature of minus 50°C. In the new document, this limit was raised by five degrees, it is called the already recommendedtemperature from 45°C and above.
Types of diesel fuel
Diesel fuel GOST 52368-2005 (EURO) is divided into three types according to the mass content of sulfur:
- I - 350mg;
- II - 50 mg;
- III - 10 mg per kg of fuel.
In GOST 305-82, diesel fuel is divided into types depending on the percentage of sulfur:
- I - fuel of all grades, in which the proportion of sulfur is not more than 0.2%;
- II - diesel fuel with sulfur content for grades L and Z - 0.5%, and for grade A - 0.4%.
New GOST 305-2013, approaching international standards, divides fuel into two types according to the mass content of sulfur, regardless of brand. Type I refers to fuel with a sulfur content of 2.0 g, and type II - 500 mg per kilogram of fuel.
Even Type II contains 1.5 times more sulfur than International Standard Type I fuel.
A large amount of sulfur is harmful emissions into the atmosphere, but also good lubricating properties of the fuel.
Symbols
In GOST 305-82, fuel was marked with a capital letter L, Z or A (summer, winter or arctic, respectively), mass fraction of sulfur, flash point of summer and pour point of winter fuel. For example, Z-0, 5 minus 45. Grades of the highest, first or without it, characterizing the quality of the fuel, are indicated in the passport for the batch.
Diesel fuel (GOST R 52368-2005) is marked with the letters DT, the grade or class is indicated depending on the value of the filterability and cloudiness temperatures, andalso fuel type I, II or III.
The Customs Union has its own document that regulates the requirements for fuel, including its symbol. It includes the letter designation DT, grade (L, Z, E or A) and an environmental factor from K2 to K5 showing the sulfur content.
Since there are many documents, the concept of grade is different in them, and the characteristics are indicated in more detail in the quality passport, today it is not uncommon for an announcement like “Sale of diesel fuel pipe grade 1 GOST 30582005”. That is, all the parameters and quality of the fuel comply with the specified standard, except for the sulfur content.
Main characteristics of diesel fuel
The most important performance indicators that characterize diesel fuel GOST 305-82 (2013) are: cetane number, fractional composition, density and viscosity, temperature characteristics, mass fractions of various impurities.
Cetane number characterizes the flammability of a fuel. The higher this indicator, the less time passes from fuel injection into the working cylinder to the start of its combustion, and therefore, the shorter the engine warm-up time.
The completeness of fuel combustion, as well as the toxicity of exhaust gases, depends on the fractional composition. During the distillation of diesel fuel, the moment of complete boiling off of a certain amount of fuel (50% or 95%) is fixed. The heavier the friction composition, the narrower the temperature range and the higher the lower boiling threshold, which means that the self-ignition of the fuel in the combustion chamber occurs later.
Density and viscosity affect processesfuel delivery and injection, fuel filtration and efficiency.
Impurities affect engine wear, corrosion resistance of the fuel system, the appearance of burning deposits in it.
Filter limit temperature is the low temperature at which thickened fuel stops passing through a filter with a certain mesh size. Another temperature indicator is the cloud point at which paraffin begins to crystallize, that is, diesel fuel becomes cloudy.
Characteristics GOST 305-2013 sets the same for all grades: cetane number, mass fraction of sulfur, acidity, iodine number, ash content, coking capacity, pollution, water content. The differences relate to temperature indicators, viscosity and fuel density. GOST 305-82 also had differences in coking capacity.
Technical requirements for diesel fuel
So, the cetane number for all grades of fuel is 45, the sulfur content is either 2.0 g or 500 mg per kg. These are the most important indicators characterizing the fuel.
The density of diesel fuel according to GOST varies from 863.4 kg/cu. m for fuel grades L and E up to 833, 5 kg / cu. m for grade A, kinematic viscosity - from 3.0-6.0 sq. mm/s up to 1.5-4.0 sq. mm/s respectively.
The fractional composition is characterized by a temperature range from 280°С to 360°С for fuel of all grades, except for the arctic, for which boiling temperatures range from 255°С to 360°С.
The characteristics (new GOST) of summer diesel fuel are no different from the characteristics of off-season fuel, with the exception oflimiting filterability temperature.
Flash point of winter fuel for general purpose diesel engines is 30°С, for gas turbine, marine and diesel engines - 40°С, arctic - 30°С and 35°С respectively.
Differences between diesel fuel GOST 305-82 (2013) and EURO
Even in 1993, European quality standards set a cetane number of at least 49. Seven years later, the standard that determined the technical characteristics of EURO 3 fuels set more stringent indicators. The cetane number should be more than 51, the mass fraction of sulfur should be less than 0.035%, and the density should be less than 845 kg / cu. m. The standards were tightened in 2005, and today the international ones established in 2009 are in force.
Today, Russia produces diesel fuel GOST R 52368-2005 with a cetane number above 51, sulfur content less than 10 mg/kg, flash point from 55°С, density ranging from 820 to 845 kg/cu. m and filtering temperature from plus 5 to minus 20°С.
Even comparing the first two indicators, we can conclude that diesel fuel does not comply with GOST 305-2013 modern environmental requirements.
Security requirements
Since diesel fuel is a combustible liquid, safety measures concern, first of all, protection against fire. Only 3% of its vapors in the total volume of air in the room is enough to provoke an explosion. Therefore, high requirements are placed on the sealing of equipment and apparatus. Electrical wiring and lighting fixtures are protected, tools are usedonly those that do not even accidentally strike a spark.
Important for compliance with safety regulations and storage conditions for diesel fuel GOST 305-82 (2013) are temperature indicators regarding the ability to burn.
| Fuel brand | Autoignition temperature, °С | Temperature flammability limit, °С | |
| top | lower | ||
| Summer, off-season | 300 | 119 | 69 |
| Winter | 310 | 105 | 62 |
| Arctic | 330 | 100 | 57 |
It is especially important to observe safety measures and temperature regimes in places of long-term storage of many thousands of tons of diesel fuel, for example, at power plants.
Specifications of diesel fuel for power plants
Diesel power plants still use fuel according to GOST 305-82. The equipment on them is installed both domestically produced and foreign.
Foreign manufacturers do not recommend, but do not prohibit the use of diesel fuel GOST 305-82 (2013) with a high sulfur content of 0.5% and 0.4%.
For example, F. G. Wilson recommends the highest and first grades of all grades of fuel with a cetane number of 45 or more,sulfur content is not more than 0.2%, water and additives - 0.05%, density 0.835 - 0.855 kg / cu. dm. These characteristics correspond to fuel type I GOST 305-82 (2013).
In the contract for the supply of diesel fuel to the power plant, its physical and chemical properties must be indicated: cetane number, density, viscosity, flash point, sulfur content, ash content. Mechanical impurities and water are not allowed at all.
To check the quality of the delivered fuel and its compliance with the limits established by the state standard, the content of undesirable impurities and the flash point are determined. If there are failures in the operation of the equipment and its parts wear out intensively, other indicators are also determined.
GOST 305-82 is outdated and replaced, but the new document, which came into force at the beginning of 2015, did not change the requirements for diesel fuel for high-speed engines so noticeably. Maybe someday such fuel will be banned for use altogether, but today it is still used both in power plants and on diesel locomotives, heavy military equipment and trucks, the fleet of which has been preserved since the days of the Soviet Union.
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