2024 Author: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-17 10:16
The fuel and energy complex of Russia is a combination of various industries that are engaged in the extraction of the most important resources. Companies working in this area also process, transform and deliver them to consumers.
Meaning
The area under consideration acts as a powerful base for the functioning of absolutely all sectors of the national economy of the country. The pace at which the development of the fuel and energy complex takes place affects the economic indicators and the scale of social production. This determines the fact that the sphere under consideration at all times determined the degree of scientific and technological progress.
Characteristics of the fuel and energy complex
This area of activity is presented as a complex system. It includes the oil, shale, coal, gas, nuclear, peat, and electric power industries. It includes a powerful production infrastructure in the form of trunk lines, pipelines that make up unified networks. The fuel and energy complex of Russia is considered one of the largest areas of management. It accounts for about 1/3 of the total value of fixed assets of production activities and capital investments in industry. The fuel and energy complex uses up to 2/3 of the produced pipes, a huge amount of engineering products.
Balance
He underlies the activities of the fuel and energy complex. This is the ratio of resource extraction and production to their use. Existing reserves in the country are measured in conventional units. This indicator should be understood as a unit of coal (Donetsk), which produces 7000 kcal of heat. Oil is considered the most high-calorie resource. It allocates 10 thousand kcal. Oil is followed by combustible gas with an indicator of 8 thousand kcal. Calorie content of peat - 3 thousand kcal.
Historical background
Until the 90s. of the last century, the fuel and energy complex expanded at an accelerated pace. From 1941 to 1989, resource extraction increased 11 times. At the same time, energy production increased 34 times. In 1989, the volume of production amounted to 2.3 billion tons of mineral resources. This figure was equal to 20% of the world quantity. Also in 1989, 1,722 billion kWh of energy was generated. But from the beginning of the 90s, the fuel and energy complex began to experience a crisis. One of the main reasons for the decline was the depletion and development of large deposits, the reduction in coal and oil production. In addition, the crisis phenomena directly in the country's economy were of no small importance.
Restructuring
FEC is a complex system. When a crisis occurs, it is not so easy to restore the existing balance. To return to the previous advanced level, it is necessary to implement an energy-saving policy and introduce changes in the balance sheet. The most important directions for restructuring the structure of consumption are mainly the replacement of organic resources with other carriers. These include nuclear and hydropower, solid and liquid fuels. In addition, it is necessary to expand new sources.
Fuel industry
It is presented as a set of directions for the extraction of all types of resources and their processing. In terms of reserves, the CIS is considered the only association of states from large industrial countries in the world, which is fully provided with all fuel and energy resources and carries out their large export. The leading role in this is assigned to Russia. The total amount of the country's resources is 6183 billion tons of conditional units. 57% of the world's coal reserves, more than 25% of natural gas, more than 60% of peat, more than 50% of shale, and 12% of hydro resources are concentrated on the territory of the state. The dominant position is occupied by coal. It accounts for about 9/10 of all deposits.
Coal industry
It is considered the leading sector of the fuel and energy complex. This is due to the fact that the volume of resources significantly exceeds all other areas. In addition, a significant number of workers are concentrated in the coal industry.strength. The cost of production assets is also significantly higher than in other industries. The total geological reserves are 6806 billion tons, of which the balance is 419 billion. More than 1/10 of hard coal mined in the country is coking species. Their main reserves are located in the Pechora, South Yakutsk, Kuzbass and other basins. About 75% of the resources lie in the Tunguska (2299 billion tons), Lena (more than 1600 billion tons), Kansk-Achinsk (more than 600 billion) basins and Kuzbass (600 billion tons).
Oil production
The country's reserves are about 150 billion tons. At the moment, the European and West Siberian basins have been explored by 65-70%, and the East Siberian and Far East - by 6-8%. Sea shelves have been studied only by 1%. Such low rates are due to the inaccessibility of areas, the complexity of climatic conditions. However, it is in them that 46% of promising and almost 60% of forecast oil reserves are concentrated. The main supplier today is Western Siberia. About 2/3 of domestic oil is produced in the Middle Ob region. The next major region is the Volga-Ural. The shelves of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Barents Sea are considered as promising fields.
Gas industry
This fuel and energy sector began to expand in the 50s of the last century. It includes the production of natural and associated gas, as well as the production of coke oven gas at plants. The volume of potential reserves is estimated at 80-85 trillion m3, explored - at 34.3 trillion m3. to the European partaccounts for only 12%, the eastern - 88%. The prospects for improving the gas industry today are associated with the development of fields located on the Yamal Peninsula.
Electricity
The power industry is presented as a complex industry. It includes several areas that carry out the production and transfer of resources to consumers. It is considered a key sector of the fuel and energy complex. This is explained by the fact that this sphere ensures the functioning of the entire national economy of the country. It determines the level of STP. The electric power industry, among other things, acts as the most important factor in the territorial organization of economic activity. The Russian Federation ranks second in the world in electricity production. The main share of the energy produced goes to industry - about 60%, 9% is consumed by agriculture, 9.7% is transport. Other consumers receive 13.5%.
NPP
Nuclear power plants today are considered the most promising objects of electricity generation. There are currently 9 nuclear power plants operating in the country. The stations use transportable fuel. These facilities are aimed at consumers located in areas with a tense balance, with limited mineral resources. Nuclear power belongs to the branches of high science intensity. Nuclear power plants are considered the most environmentally friendly sources, subject to their reliable design and proper operation. The functioning of these objects does not lead to the appearance of a "greenhouseeffect", which is the result of the massive use of organic resources. But in the event of a violation of the operation, nuclear power plants are the most dangerous in environmental terms. The share of total generation in the country is 12%. The total capacity of existing plants is 20.2 million kW.
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