Transport vehicles: classification and types, description, characteristics

2024 Author: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-17 10:16

Today, the following types of transport vehicles are used in construction: land, air, sea. Most often, it is ground equipment that is used. Approximately 90% of all transportation is carried out using such transport. Among ground vehicles, automobile, tractor and railway transport is actively used.

Description of ground vehicles

Currently, approximately 80% of all cargo is transported by road transport vehicles. The cost of maintaining this equipment most often ranges from 12 to 15% of all costs that are planned to be spent on construction.

Automotive equipment is divided into several types. The first one is a tractor. It is used most often if there is impassability around the construction site. It is actively used during the removal of timber, as well as in the development of new construction sites and their arrangement.

As for the use of railway vehicles, they are used only if it is necessary to deliver goods torather long distance, more than 200 km.

A small niche is also occupied by water delivery vehicles. These include small river vessels, as well as sea ships. The peculiarity of such equipment is that it is capable of transporting up to 1000 tons at a time, but the restrictions on the use of sea transport are obvious.

The last delivery option is air. Most often, transport vehicles of this type are used only if construction is taking place in hard-to-reach areas.

Types of vehicles

Among trucks, there are several types: general purpose, special and specialized. If the car has a trailer or a semi-trailer, then the vehicle forms a road train. Among such equipment, several types can be distinguished, which differ in their cross-country ability. They can be road type, off-road or quarry, as well as high and high cross.

Vehicles, their composition

Vehicles, machines and individual rolling stock are characterized by the following composition of elements:

• ACS for moving vehicles.
• Transport media elements.
• There are systems that ensure the functioning of the vehicle.
• Energy transport installations.

As for the equipment of transport vehicles, it is worth paying attention to some media. They are the supporting structureused to host all other vehicle systems. Such carriers consist of several power profile elements or a set of them. As for ensuring the functioning of the TS, the composition includes such elements as:

• operation of transport vehicles with equipment to accommodate not only cargo, but also passengers;
• household devices;
• technological equipment, for example, lifting and transport mechanisms;
• mooring devices for marine equipment.

The last thing to add is a description of the power plants. Their main purpose is to ensure the movement of the vehicle. In addition, devices can also be responsible for the supply of heat, electricity for the vehicle. The composition includes propellers and engines.

Characteristics of the vehicle

As for the characteristics of road transport vehicles or means, it is a value that can quantitatively characterize the quality of the performance of the vehicle for its intended purpose. The technical parameters are affected by such quantities as the speed of movement, as well as the carrying capacity of the vehicle.

As for speed, in calculations it is most often referred to as V, and is measured in such quantities as: km / h, m / s, knot. Each speed is suitable for its mode of transport, respectively. Currently, there are several types of speed. The first type is technical speed and the second type is ground speed. Another variation is cruise speed.

TS complexes

Complexes of transport vehicles or as they are called transport and technological complexes (TTK) is a set of certain devices that are intended for the implementation of loading and unloading operations, as well as for the implementation of any transport and storage operations. To date, there is also a clear description of the TTC.

The first class of such a complex is a loading and unloading one. The main types of installations include hydraulic pumps, loaders, bucket loaders, etc. The most important technical characteristic for such a class is performance. The next class is load-lifting complexes. The main representatives of this technique are jacks, forklifts, electric forklifts, etc. For such equipment, of course, the main characteristic is the carrying capacity.

Transporting class of machines. These can be conveyors, roller tables and other similar vehicles. Here, as in the first case, it is very important to maintain high performance. The last class of installations is transport and storage. This includes systems such as automated warehouse complexes. The most important technical characteristic is the rate of warehousing.

Creating terminals

Today, there is a rather low attention to the infrastructure of transport and technological machines. The operation of plants in such conditions has led to the fact that the mechanization of all work is far behind the requiredvalues and is only 35-40%.

It is for this reason that today it is very important to create transport and technological terminals in places such as port and railway station areas. Such terminals can provide high mechanization of such work as loading and unloading, as well as transport and storage.

Vehicle choice

As for the choice of transport and construction machines or any other means, there are certain criteria by which the selection is made. For example, if the weight of one cargo is 1 foot, which is approximately 0.454 kg, and its cost is more than $10, then air transport is most often chosen for transportation. The only exceptions are explosive and flammable substances. If the cargo is in the form of a gaseous or liquid substance, then the most appropriate choice is delivery by pipeline.

There is a category of cargo that belongs to commodity-noise. If it is necessary to deliver them to a distance of less than 200 km, then it is most rational to use road transport for delivery. For the delivery of goods that are classified as perishable, it is necessary to use transport vehicles with the highest speed. There is a certain list, according to which it is enough to simply make a choice of a vehicle.

• the type of cargo and its volume play an important role;
• weight as well as dimensions are quite important;
• delivery frequency and distance with the route of movement isimportant criterion;
• The time it takes to deliver the goods is very important.

However, despite all this, the economic component remains the most important factor.

Calculation of the economic component

When it is necessary to carry out the calculations that will be required for the delivery of goods in different ways, several criteria must be taken into account.

It is important to take into account the cost of transporting and exporting cargo, since a lot of goods are usually delivered, it is necessary to take into account the costs of unloading or loading operations. Sometimes there is such a factor as the cost of delivery on the main mode of transport, if one will be used. It must also be taken into account that a certain type of product may be damaged on the way, and therefore its cost must be taken into account. Another factor is the cost of packaging, insurance and warehousing.

Transport vehicles

If the types of vehicles described are well known to everyone, then there are several other types of devices that also belong to this category, but are less visible. These types of machines are equipment that is used for the continuous delivery of goods in a horizontal, vertical or oblique direction. Most often, delivery of various bulk materials is provided. As for the principle of operation of these machines, especially used in the construction industry, it is worth highlighting conveyors, as well as pneumatic conveying installations.

With the help of pipelines, you canproblems to ensure delivery in a horizontal or slightly inclined position to the desired point. Most often, delivery is carried out over long distances, and bulk material and piece goods act as cargo. As for the principle of operation, only conveyors can be distinguished from continuous machines. However, intermittent devices can also be used. These include carts of electric or carburetor type. Trolleys without an engine can be used.

Special vehicles

Among transport vehicles there are special purpose vehicles. This category includes machines that are used to deliver liquid substances, or pseudo-liquid substances. An auto cement truck can be attributed to such a technique. In this case, the machine is equipped with a cab for the driver, a semi-trailer in the form of a tank.

Used quite often on construction sites and machines such as truck mixers. Most often they deliver liquid bitumen with a temperature of 200 ° C, although they can also be successfully used for the delivery of cold cargo. The transportation distance is usually 70 to 90 km.

Tractors are widely used among transport vehicles, as this tracked vehicle has a fairly large carrying capacity, but at the same time, their speed of movement is quite low.