2024 Author: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-17 10:16
What is the League of Nations? This is an international organization that was created to develop cooperation between different nations. One of the initiators of its creation was US President W. Wilson, although this state was not included in its composition.
Creation
This organization was created in 1919 as a result of the Versailles-Washington system of the Treaty of Versailles. The latter was signed on 1919-28-06 in France, at the Palace of Versailles, as a result of which the First World War was declared over. This agreement, other agreements with Germany's allies, agreements that were concluded at the Washington Conference in 1921-1922. formed the basis for building a world order, which was called the Versailles-Washington system.
The goals of the League of Nations were to ensure collective security, prevent hostilities, disarmament, conduct diplomatic negotiations to resolve various disputes and improve the quality of life on Earth.
The main organs of this organizationwere concentrated in Geneva. These bodies included: the Assembly, which included all member countries of the League of Nations; The Council of this organization, which initially consisted of 4 permanent members (Italy, Great Britain, Japan, France) and 4 non-permanent members, which changed periodically; secretariat, which was headed by the Secretary General.
Charter of organization
Any organization must have its own charter. The League of Nations was no exception. The purpose for which this organization was created is reflected in its charter. It was created by a special commission that was formed at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919-1920. The Charter of the League of Nations was included in the peace treaties that were concluded as a result of the end of the First World War. Initially, it was endorsed by the signatures of representatives of 44 states, the vast majority of which were states participating in the war on the side or joining the Entente. And only 13 of them were neutral in this war.
In the eighth article of this document, it was said that it is necessary to limit national armaments in order to maintain peace throughout the world. In case of danger of outbreak of war, regardless of whether it directly affects any member of the League of Nations, according to Art. 11 of the Charter, the Secretary General, at the request of any member, was to convene a meeting of the Council. The provisions of Article 23 of this Charter, which contained information, have not lost their relevance today.concerning the control of the trade in arms, various harmful substances, including opium, the interests of women and children. It was also stated here that the League of Nations would do everything in its power to prevent and fight diseases.
Article 16 proclaimed that in the event of the outbreak of war by one of the members of the League of Nations, the remaining countries had to break all financial and commercial relations with this country, including such relations between citizens. On top of that, citizens were forbidden to have personal relationships with citizens of the country that had declared war. The actions of this article were extended to some states: the USSR in 1939 after the start of the Soviet-Finnish war, Italy in 1937 after the attack on Ethiopia in 1935.
Already this Charter recognized the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all members of the League of Nations.
What was laid down in this document that allowed its members to feel confident in the future? It was laid down there that all members of the League of Nations should exchange the scale of armaments, programs, the state of industries that could be related to the military industry. It was supposed to support partner countries that are not members of the League of Nations.
If any dispute arose between the members of the League of Nations, it had to be resolved with the help of the Council or an arbitrator. War was not allowed until 3 months after the decision of these bodies.
So the essence of the League of Nations was to try to prevent wars.
Official symbols and languages of the League of Nations
Practically any international organization has its own symbols, its own flag. When was it created in the League of Nations? Here the answer is simple - never. Unfortunately, the contradictions between the member countries of this organization did not allow the creation of either the flag or the emblem of the League of Nations, despite the fact that proposals for official symbols have been received since the formation of the organization.
There were official languages in this organization. They were Italian, French and English. There was also a desire to make Esperanto the working language of the League of Nations, but this proposal was blocked by the French delegation, who feared the oppression of their language. The goals of the League of Nations were achieved through the use of official languages.
Activities of the Soviet Union in the organization
30 members of the League of Nations invited the USSR to join this organization as a permanent member, which meant recognition of the role of the state as a great power. In 1934, the country's leadership decided to accept this invitation. This entry was largely due to the country's desire to protect its western borders. Basically, hopes were connected with France. Negotiations were held in Moscow between the foreign ministers of the USSR and France, as a result of which a draft Eastern Pact was developed, according to which the B altic states, Poland, the USSR, and Finland were to create a system of collective security. This project was not implemented because there were insurmountable contradictions between a number of countries. As a result, this served as one of the grounds for the adoption by the Soviet Unioninvitations to join the League of Nations.
In 1935, a Soviet-French treaty of mutual assistance was signed in the event of a potential attack by an aggressor, but it was not supported by a military treaty, and therefore was ineffective. Later, a similar treaty was signed with Czechoslovakia.
In the same year, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR made an appeal at the Council of the League of Nations because of the outbreak of the war between Italy and Ethiopia, and also because of Germany's withdrawal from the articles of the Versailles Treaty, which limited its armament, to unite the efforts of various states in the fight against aggression through the application of sanctions. However, France and the UK blocked this decision.
Exclusion of the Soviet Union
USSR in the League of Nations lasted almost until 1940 and was excluded from it in connection with the outbreak of the Soviet-Finnish war. On December 14, 1939, Argentina initiated the 20th Assembly of the League of Nations, at which 28 countries out of 40 voted to exclude our country. At a meeting of the Council of the League of Nations, 7 votes out of 15 were cast in favor of the exclusion of the Soviet Union from this organization. These were France, Dominican Republic, Bolivia, Belgium, Egypt, Great Britain, South Africa. Greece, Finland, China and Yugoslavia abstained from voting. Other members of the Council were absent, which did not prevent the expulsion of the USSR from the League of Nations, which was done in gross violation of the Charter. 2 days later, TASS made a statement calling this decision ridiculous and causing an ironic smile.
Other reasons for exclusion of the USSR
What's upCould the League of Nations have presented the Soviet Union with an irresistible desire, even in violation of its own Charter, to expel it? This organization has always been suspicious of our country, which developed after the industrialization of the country, carried out by the leadership, and after the growth of the Soviet army both in numbers and in military-technical potential. An active campaign was carried out in the foreign media to denigrate the image of the Soviet Union. Soviet bombs did not always hit military targets in Finland. When it hit civilian objects, all this was recorded and brought to the consciousness of foreigners that the USSR was an aggressor country, so it must be punished.
Many countries feared the strengthening of the influence of the Soviet Union in this organization in the event of a successful war and sought to disarm our country by imposing sanctions and exacerbating already tense relations. This situation is in many ways reminiscent of the one that began to take shape in relation to Russia after 2014.
The end of the history of the League of Nations
Shortly after the end of the Second World War in 1946, the League of Nations ceased its formal existence, since the actual existence was terminated from the moment the war began. Why did the League of Nations stop its activities? Until the 1930s, many interstate disputes and conflicts were successfully resolved by this organization. But since 1931, when Japan attacked Chinese Manchuria, the League of Nationsceased to accept military or economic sanctions against the aggressor. Only economic sanctions were imposed against Italy for the war against Ethiopia in 1935, which were already lifted in 1936. These two aggressions shook the confidence of the countries of the world in the League of Nations, resulting in connivance in the attack of some states on others. However, socio-economic work in this organization continued until the outbreak of World War II, which put an end to this work.
Interaction between the member countries of the League of Nations was weak. It was also weakened by the fact that the United States was not among its members. The USSR and Germany were members of this organization for a short time. The League of Nations was underarmed to carry out its objectives. All this led to the fact that in 1946 the League of Nations ceased to exist. But, as they say, a holy place is never empty. The United Nations has taken its place.
Using the Nations League brand in football
Despite the fact that the League of Nations has gone down in history, the brand of this organization continues to live today. From 2018 regular UEFA Nations League matches are planned. This should raise the prestige and level of football among the national teams. In this league, four groups will be formed from 54 teams, which will be divided into subgroups of 3-4 teams. The latter will play each other both at home and away. The winning teams will either upgrade their class or advance to the final where 4 teams will participate. The same teams that in the subgroup games will take one ofthe last places will be demoted.
In 2020, play-offs will take place between the winners of the four subgroups of the big groups of each group. From each large group, one team will join the teams that will pass the European qualification.
This Nations League is designed to replace friendly matches, this tournament should provide a serious fight.
As a result of this tournament, the burden on national teams should decrease, which will be facilitated by the reduction of travel to friendly matches, which will not completely disappear from the football calendar. Test matches remain to prepare for international tournaments.
Play on words in the name of a public organization
The name "League of Nations" turned out to be quite popular. In Russia, there is the "League of the He alth of the Nation" - one of the largest public organizations, headed by cardiac surgeon L. Bokeria.
Experts of this organization, in addition to bringing information to citizens about the poor state of their he alth, demonstrate how you can change your life if you want to.
Every year the action "Touch the heart of a child" takes place, within the framework of which the NC SSH them. Bakuleva provides assistance to children with heart defects. The "He alth Wave" campaign is held annually, within the framework of which, during the voyage, leading doctors from different parts of the country issue certificates for treatment in the clinics of the capital to children, after examining them.
Thisthe organization fights against bad habits, holding such actions as "Russia without tobacco", "Society against drugs", "Alcohol-free Russia".
Since 2012, the organization has been holding forums of the CIS countries to exchange experience and develop cooperation to improve the quality and standard of living of the population with the formation of a culture of he alth and a he althy lifestyle.
Thus, this organization continues to make efforts to preserve and increase the he alth of the population, which were proclaimed in the Charter of the League of Nations. True, while this is carried out at the national and interstate levels.
In closing
To the question of what the League of Nations is, one cannot give an unambiguous answer that it was only an international organization, the analogue of which is the UN today. If we consider this issue without regard to the international organization that existed in the middle of the 20th century, then such a name can also be found in the proposed future UEFA tournament, as well as in the name of a public organization dealing with the he alth of the nation. It can be hoped that the distraction of these structures from politics and, above all, from military issues, will allow them to exist for a longer period of time compared to an international organization.
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