2024 Author: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-17 10:16
The start of construction is necessarily based on earthworks, so the technological map for the development of the pit is created at the design stage of the facility. It contains a description of all the necessary activities. Therefore, the excavation scheme should contain the entire sequence of actions - from site preparation, its cleaning from plants and old buildings, removal of the fertile layer, excavation of a given volume of soil to the production of pits, digging trenches, leveling slopes and foundations, allocating space for land storage before its removal from the territory, etc.
Classification of pits by purpose
Technologies used to develop the excavation are divided according to two directions. One is focused on preparing the land for the construction of permanent depressions and canals. Their class includes hydro-reclamation facilities, park and city fountains, ponds, reservoirs of artificial origin, paths and embankments.
Temporary excavation is necessary forconstruction of buildings and foundations for them. Their classification according to purpose is intended to distinguish between the types of work in which it is necessary to use various mechanisms and special equipment. At the same time, manual labor costs are also taken into account. The largest volume of non-mechanized work falls on the areas where underground engineering highways are located. It is unacceptable to use excavators and graders in them. Any technical means can damage the laid cable or pipeline.
Also, based on the classification of pits, a set of measures is selected to ensure safety in the territories where the pit is being developed. They may include the installation of fences, identification and warning signs, or the organization of the protection of the object.
Main types of work and their share in the total project cost
In terms of terms, the excavation of a pit can take from 5 to 15% of the total time required for the construction of an object. The cost is also not cheap. In estimates, earthworks usually include costs in the amount of up to one-fifth of the budget of the entire project. This is taking into account all the measures for the vertical planning of the construction site, for the performance of work to protect the pit from flooding with subsoil or sedimentary water, and for its waterproofing.
These include:
- Geodetic research.
- Cleaning the site.
- Plot planning and marking the boundaries of the object.
- Excavation, trenching.
- Slope strengthening works.
- Transportation, temporary storage and disposal of excavated soil.
- Utilities device.
- Dumping and tamping of bevels at the outer edge of the foundation.
- Activities that divert groundwater from the site.
Importance of performing hydraulic techniques
Ground and rainwater can cause great damage to construction. Therefore, the development of the pit cannot be carried out without taking into account the principles of hydraulic engineering. One of the primary tasks of the engineer is to provide the site with protective measures. To do this, they dig channels that drain water, arrange pits for water runoff, use other types of receivers for liquids, from which they can be pumped out with drainage pumps.
