Aircraft design. Construction elements. The design of the aircraft A321

2024 Author: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-17 10:16

The design of an aircraft largely affects its running, technical and aerodynamic characteristics. The invention of this aircraft made it possible to make an incredible breakthrough in the high-speed overcoming of significant distances. Consider the elements and features of flying machines.

Aircraft structural elements

The following are the names of the main parts that make up most modern aircraft:

• The main body of the aircraft (fuselage). It serves to connect the skeleton, wings, power units, chassis and other external elements into one whole. Inside the fuselage is a cabin for crew members, cargo and passenger compartments.
• Reactive or standard powerful motors that propel the aircraft.
• Wing - a part that serves to stabilize the unit and create lift.
• Vertical plumage serves for balancing and vertical stability.
• The horizontal tail is responsible for the controllability and stabilization of the machine in the longitudinal part.
• Control system.
• Optional equipment.

Plumage

Classic aircraft tail designtypical for most combat and civilian modifications. In this scheme, the horizontal tail consists of a fixed stabilizer and an adjustable elevator.

The stabilizer is designed to stabilize the aircraft relative to the transverse axis. When lowering the nose of the aircraft, the tail section, together with the plumage, moves up. In this regard, the pressure of the air flow in the upper compartment of the stabilizer increases. The created load returns the stabilizer together with the fuselage to the required position.

The equipment also includes a rear vertical tail. It consists of a fixed element (keel) and an adjustable rudder. The principle of operation of the node is similar to the operation of the horizontal counterpart, only in the vertical plane.

The design of the aircraft ensures the stability of the device in two planes. Longitudinal stability is guaranteed by the location of the wing console at a certain angle relative to each other, like the letter “V”.

Controls

Control surfaces play an important role in aircraft design. The elevator is the movable rear element of the stabilizer. If this node is equipped with a pair of consoles, then there will be two rudders. They synchronously deviate down or up, help to change the altitude of the glider.

Ailerons are the moving parts of the wing consoles. They allow you to stabilize the aircraft relative to the longitudinal axis. The work of the elements is carried out synchronously, the deviation of each part occurs in different directions.

Steering wheeldirection is the active part of the keel, serves to stabilize the apparatus vertically. Rotation in the opposite direction from the direction of the rudder occurs until the pilot returns the helm to the neutral position.

Motor and other systems

The considered aircraft are equipped with various types of engines. They are responsible for gaining speed and generating lift. Motors can be mounted at the front of the aircraft, at the rear and on the wings.

The power plants are divided as follows:

• Jet engines - includes a pulsating dual-circuit unit with a jet turbine.
• Screw - represented by piston models and complex variations with a turbine.
• Rocket engines are liquid or solid propellant ultra high-speed modifications.

A number of other details belong to the supporting structures of the aircraft. The landing gear is responsible for the takeoff and landing of the vehicle on the runways of airfields. Amphibians use a kind of float skis that allow you to operate the machine on water or snow.

A-321 aircraft design

This copy is the largest representative of Airbus brand airliners. The aircraft is equipped with an elongated fuselage and has an increased passenger capacity. Among the common modifications of this series, two samples stand out: A231-100 with a short flight range compared to analogues, and A321-200 with an additional fuel tank and powerful engines.

In total, about a thousand aircraft of this brand were produced. Serial production of machines continues at the present time. The model meets all the required standards and has a good prospect for saturating the world market with airbuses.

The design of the A321 aircraft is simple and straightforward. The cabin capacity is about 200 passengers. The cruising speed of the aircraft is 900 km/h, and the maximum takeoff altitude is 10.5 km. At the same time, the flight range varies about 4, 3 thousand kilometers.

Pros and cons

Among the advantages of the design of the A321 aircraft, the following points can be noted:

• The machine has a high level of sound insulation.
• The device is characterized by good comfort for the crew and passengers.
• Spacious and comfortable interior.
• Excellent technical parameters.

Among the disadvantages are the following aspects:

• Slightly outdated technical combinations compared to the latest foreign models.
• Limited use.

The design of the A-321 aircraft provides for equipment with seats, which are arranged four in a row. They have a comfortable width, leather trim, built-in airbags. The cabin provides sockets for computers, as well as other amenities in terms of passenger comfort.

Classification

According to their purpose, aircraft are divided into civil and military models. The main parts of the firstoptions are equipped with a passenger or cargo compartment. They occupy most of the internal area of the fuselage.

Types of non-combat aircraft:

1. Local passenger carriers. Their flight range is from two to ten thousand kilometers, and the intercontinental category overcomes over 11 thousand km.
2. Cargo models are divided into light, medium and heavy group. Depending on qualifications, they are capable of transporting from 10 to 40 tons of cargo.
3. Special aircraft. They are used for sanitary, agricultural, reconnaissance, fire-fighting needs, as well as aerial photography units.
4. Study modifications.

Military variations do not have such comfortable interior equipment. The main part of the fuselage is occupied by weapons systems, reconnaissance equipment, ammunition and special aids. Division of army gliders by class: military transport models, fighters, attack aircraft, bombers, reconnaissance.

The design of aircraft depends on the aerodynamic design according to which they are made. It is characterized by the number of basic elements and the location of the bearing surfaces. If the nose of the aircraft is similar for most models, then the location and geometry of the wings and tail can vary greatly.

Finally

It is worth noting that the AN aircraft, whose design is of the classical design type, is widely used in passenger and cargo airtransportation. In general, there are several schemes of aircraft devices. Among them:

1. Classic construction.
2. Flying wing type.
3. Tandem design.
4. Modification "Duck".
5. Convertible and combined scheme.
6. "Tailless".

The modifications differ from each other in the layout of the units, the location of the engines, the exterior, the principle of takeoff / landing, as well as the parameters of speed and payload.