Laying communications: types, classification, methods and methods of laying, purpose of communications

2024 Author: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-17 10:16

Laying networks and communications today can be done in many ways. Some of them have been used for a long time, and therefore are considered somewhat outdated. Such methods are replaced whenever possible with newer ones that have more advantages.

Laying methods

Today, experts use three main methods of laying communications, which are provided for by current regulatory documents. These three methods are:

• separate gasket;
• combined laying method;
• combined manifold mounting.

As for the first method, in this case the main difficulty of the work is that it is necessary to dig trenches for any kind of communications. In addition, this is done regardless of how long and how other lines will be laid.

If we talk about the combined laying of engineering networks and communications, thenthe undoubted advantage is precisely that it is possible to lay lines for different purposes in one trench. This technology is similar to the operation of combined collectors. The difference lies in the fact that the third method is resorted to when the place in the trench itself is very limited. The use of this method helps to reduce the execution time, as well as the amount of work itself, by about 40%. In addition, in this case, further operation and possible repairs are greatly facilitated, since there is no need for earthworks. Another important advantage is that it is possible to resume work on laying communications in the collector that was previously installed. The supply of new lines is quite real.

Disadvantages of the trench method

On the territory of the Russian Federation, the most common method for installing communication lines is laying them in pre-dug trenches. The method is already traditional and is used almost everywhere, but it is rather inconvenient from a financial and practical point of view.

The problem is that for technical reasons it is not always possible to dig trenches. However, at the same time, not all communications can be laid through the air, for example, on struts. In addition, if it becomes necessary to lay communications in this way, then the builders will have to prepare a ditch, trench or lay pipes in the ground, which violates the integrity of the soil cover. This is a significant disadvantage, since one has to either violateasph alt pavement, or destroy plants. Many have faced the problem when, for example, plumbers have to tear up the ground in inappropriate places or right in the middle of the road, removing the asph alt pavement in order to get to the damaged pipeline and fix it. Due to such a significant drawback, one has to look for other ways of laying communications in the house, on the street, in the city, etc. A good solution was the trenchless method, which has been used for quite a long time in many European countries.

Trenchless laying

This laying method can be applied to many industries. Its main advantage is that it allows you to carry out all the necessary earthworks without destroying the roadway or opening the soil. This method is a set of measures that allow the laying of a pipeline without preliminary deepening.

This arrangement was invented by Western experts, but its efficiency turned out to be so high that it is used almost everywhere, including domestic construction. In addition, another important advantage is that the construction site requires far fewer people to carry out all the work than with the trench method. Also, with trenchless laying of communications, there is no need for additional expenses for earth-moving equipment, since there is no need for it. There is also no need to arrange transitions above the places where work is being carried out. But the main benefit isfriend. This method allows you to work both in summer and in winter, and all nearby pipes remain intact.

Application of the trenchless method

All work on the laying of utilities in this way is carried out quickly and very accurately. Most often, this method is used in the construction industry. With it, you can install almost any vital line.

In addition, it is worth saying that adjusting or changing pipes is also possible when using the trenchless installation method. The use of this arrangement option is also indispensable in cases where the building density in the settlement is very high. This method is most successfully used in cases where it is necessary to equip a pipeline or sewer, especially across various obstacles of a man-made or natural nature, for example, through a ravine, a road, etc. It should be noted that the successful completion of work depends heavily on how the preparatory stage was well carried out.

Today, there are not too many options for laying communications in this way, and for each of them it is necessary to take into account factors such as the length of the site, the type of soil and the amount of materials used. For example, if the length of the pipeline does not exceed several tens of meters, then the use of specific equipment is not required. It will be necessary to use only a movable rod, which works on electric, pneumatic orhydraulic drive, and select a suitable cylinder diameter.

Work in progress

Before you start laying communications in this way, you need to dig small pits at both edges of the site. If the work will be carried out on a sufficiently large area, then it will be necessary to use such equipment as location, drilling, hydraulic installations, automanipulators, generators and welding machines for polypropylene pipes. It is worth saying that trenchless laying involves the use of one of several technologies.

The first method is called rehabilitation, which in Latin sounds like recovery. This method is used only when work is carried out on a site where pipelines already exist, but for some reason they need to be replaced. In other words, this technology is not a laying of a new line, but a high-quality replacement of old pipes with new ones. This operation is carried out in two ways - renovation or relining. The first method is used when laying communications in the case when the old ones have completely used up their resource and they simply need to be replaced with new ones. The essence of the second option is that a new one is laid inside the old pipe. Thus, it is possible to fix problems in certain sections of the old line without changing it completely.

In addition to these methods, there is also a method called punching. This method is used in cases where the diameter of the pipes is too large. The essence of the method ispressing the pipe into the ground under the action of a hydraulic jack, as well as a vibro-impact mechanism. It is best to use this installation option only on loose soil. The soil will be removed from the pipe under the influence of the force of compressed air. This method is used for laying pipes with a diameter of 600 to 1720 mm. The length of such a pipe should not exceed 100 meters.

Other mounting methods

Another method that is different from the others is the puncture. It is used most often only on clay or loamy soils. Another small limitation is the diameter of the pipe, which should not exceed 15 cm. The essence of the action is that in a selected place underground, a pipe made of durable steel is laid, at the end of which there is a sharp cone. It is worth noting that the earth will not be brought out, but will be compacted in place using a hydraulic jack. When the well is ready, a polyethylene pipe with the desired diameter is driven into it.

There are other restrictions. Let's say if the pipe diameter is 60 cm, then the length that it can be laid in this way is no more than 60 m. One of the variations of this type of work is a hydraulic puncture. It is often used only on those types of soil that belong to easily eroded. Before starting the installation of the pipe, the soil is eroded when using a special nozzle. After that, the pipeline can be inserted into the prepared hole.

Drilling

Another option ishorizontal drilling for laying communications. This method is considered the most optimal for most cases when it is necessary to install a specific line. It should be borne in mind that this option belongs to the category of the most costly. Despite this fact, it is this method that remains the best with the trenchless laying method, since it allows you to work on any type of soil. In this case, horizontal drilling for laying communications is carried out with a special drill at a given point and in a given direction to a depth of 15 meters. During such work, a drive rod is attached to the drill. This is a tip that is used to guide a structure underground along a given trajectory in order to bypass possible obstacles. Also, the tip needs cooling, for which it has special holes.

Among other things, for the laying of underground utilities by horizontal directional drilling, a special apparatus is used that controls, corrects and navigates the drilling rig. After the formation of the well, it expands so that a pipe of the desired diameter can be inserted inside it. If the diameter is large enough, the expansion can be carried out several times.

Summing up the trenchless method of laying pipes, we can say that it will be successfully developed in the future. A large number of methods for its implementation allows you to choose a method that is most suitable for the type of soil, as well as for performing the task. Moreover, this method allowsfully preserve the integrity of the soil, road surface, which significantly reduces the number of problems when working in densely populated areas. It also produces far fewer by-products than conventional trenching.

Types of work at sites under reconstruction

Today, laying new communications is not so difficult. A more expensive and complex process is the laying of engineering communications at the sites of enterprises under reconstruction. Approximately 10-15% of all material costs are spent on paying for this particular stage.

Depending on the requirements, as well as conditions at different sites, the following methods are used:

• open method in one trench, used on overpasses or in galleries;
• the open method also includes methods of arrangement with or without wall fastening, as well as separately or by combining several pipelines;
• the closed method is also used, which involves the use of a trenchless construction method.

In some cases, the puncture method is used if it is necessary to carry out work without excavation. It is also possible to use punching or drilling if excavation is required.

Combined method

However, if we talk about the laying of engineering communications on the sites of reconstructed enterprises, then the method of separate laying in trenches will prevail. This is due to the fact thatfrom a design point of view, this method is the simplest, and pipes made of different materials can also be used in its operation. However, this method also has disadvantages, which lie in the fact that it requires a large amount of earthwork, and the overall labor intensity is very high.

It is worth paying attention to the combined method of laying lines. It will reduce the construction time by about 30% when compared with the separate method. However, the applicability of this option is highly dependent on the definition of the site topology. In other words, it can be used in substations, heating, as well as water distribution nodes, etc.

Laying engineering networks

The construction of any new building requires work on the laying of engineering communications. These networks include water supply, electricity, sewerage and heating. The arrangement of these networks without fail requires the preparation of a project of work, taking into account all engineering features. Quite often, problems arise, since the communications located nearby are most often already very worn out, and besides, they can also be located at a fairly large distance from the construction site.

For example, when laying water supply and sewerage, the main role is given to such a stage as earthworks. Quite a lot of time is spent just studying the soil, as well as its properties.

Summing up all of the above, it becomes clear that the laying of communications at the present time is one of the stages, which is the mainnot only in the construction of a new building, but also in the reconstruction of an old one. In addition, as a separate type of work, it is also carried out quite often.