2024 Author: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-17 10:16
The concept of organization of non-waste production is reaching a new level of practical implementation. Modern technologies make it possible to optimize the manufacturing processes of products with the expectation of providing a full production cycle. That is, the generated municipal solid waste (MSW) is not disposed of, but sent to a new production cycle. However, this concept is in most cases only partially implemented. Waste either does not find use in the plant that produces it, or cannot be properly sorted. It is to solve the second problem that many industrial enterprises integrate a waste sorting complex, with which you can get ready-made cleaned masses of paper, glass, metal or plastics.
Organization of work of waste sorting complexes
Household solid waste is not only a product of the life of an ordinary consumer of goods. Such garbage is left in the process of work by both manufacturing enterprises and retail chains with commercial organizations. At the factory facilities, a waste sorting complex can be equipped without creating a transport organization for transporting waste. ATIn other cases, companies draw up a special agreement, according to which another processing company will carry out sorting operations.
Before sending the accumulated waste, the company performs weighing and assembly of the batch. Then the cargo is moved directly to the sorting complex. This is followed by several stages, as they pass, the selection of recyclable materials suitable for production purposes is carried out. The very same sorting of MSW is implemented in several stages, each of which is carried out using special equipment.
Receiving and feeding conveyors
Acceptance of a batch of waste is carried out using special bins that can directly transfer the mass to the sorting line. At the same time, feeding schemes are also common, which are directly carried out by garbage trucks. As a rule, the basis of such complexes is industrial concreted sites located under the canopy of the waste collection station. Bulky household waste is selected and reloaded by special equipment. To do this, use bulldozers and excavators with appropriate attachments.
Already at the stage of selecting individual items of value, the sorting process begins. As a rule, the remaining mass is sent to a reverse conveyor, after which it is fed into an open multi-lift container. Depending on the scheme of operation of a particular plant, recycling can be carried out at facilities adjacent to the sorting complex. It turns out non-stopa selection and recycling process that saves a significant part of the cost of transporting waste.
Sorting Conveyor
In most cases, sorting is performed with masses that contain elements that are homogeneous in terms of dimensional characteristics. To perform the sorting of such waste, the work of conveyors serviced by operators is organized. Selecting suitable fractions, workers dump them into the appropriate bunker. Typically, the conveyor has several hatches designed to dump one or another type of garbage - for example, for plastics, waste paper, metal, glass, etc. From the point of view of a technical organization, such sorting of solid waste is the simplest, since the main emphasis is on manual labor. Automation only ensures the movement of the belt, which before that receives the mass with waste. At the same time, there are one- and two-way lines, that is, selection can be carried out from one or both sides.
Automatic press
Pressing equipment is not directly related to the basic sorting function. Such machines usually work with ready-made recyclable materials that can be used for further production purposes. There are also waste processing complexes that do not have a press. Most often, these are mini-factories, where, immediately after sorting, the received elements are sent for production processing. The press itself is a hydraulic machine, which, by applying pressure, compresses the incoming mass.
Pressing as such is needed to form compact bales for transportation and logistical handling. At the same time, it is desirable that the mass with waste entering the pressing machines should have exactly equal characteristics. In this case, the further processing of recyclable materials on machines of thermal or mechanical action will be facilitated.
Accumulation hopper
Tanks designed to collect sorted waste are of two types. These are bunkers working with compacted mass, and receiving tanks, which are directly connected to hatches for dumping selected materials. Accordingly, such bunkers also differ in terms of links with further technological processes. So, the finished bale storage can interact with a production line for recycling, trucks or a receiver for permanent storage. This bundle is determined by the tasks that a particular waste sorting plant and its equipment solves. Some enterprises cooperate with landfills for the storage of hazardous waste, while others carry out recycling at their own facilities.
Consumables
At the stage of formation of briquettes ready for transportation or storage, special means are used to ensure the compactness and reliability of the blocks. The most complex processes involve the use of liquid formulations to promote adhesion between the compressible waste. Before or during the process of pressure by the pressing platform, plasticizers and viscous substances are added directly to the niche with the material. In addition, the waste sorting complex can be equipped with tying lines, on which polyester film or strap tape is wrapped. This measure is also aimed at preventing delamination and scattering of briquettes with pressed waste.
Modern possibilities of sorting complexes
Technological development of modern MSW sorting complexes is focused on improving the quality of selection. In particular, the range of materials that are not recycled and sent to landfills for disposal is constantly expanding, but are used as recyclable materials. These include rubber products, some types of artificial fabrics, polymers with unmarked plastics, etc. The technical performance of the mini-factories themselves is also being improved. For example, a mobile waste sorting complex allows you to combine the functions of transportation and processing, which speeds up and makes logistics processes cheaper. As before, waste recycling organizations pay special attention to environmental issues. Thus, at some complexes it becomes possible to dispose of hazardous waste that cannot be buried even at special landfills.
How much does a waste sorting complex cost?
A high-tech and productive complex can cost about 2-3 million rubles. Integrated mini-factories for small enterprises are estimated at 1.5-2 million. But a lot depends on the composition of a particular line and additional equipment. For example, one pressing machine can cost 350-400thousand. However, many enterprises do without it. But in any case, organizing your own complex of individual components will be cheaper. Such sorting of waste will be more efficient and productive, but you will also have to prepare for additional cost items for line design and installation work. Small prefabricated complexes are just beneficial in that they require minimal effort during the installation process, take up less space and are less demanding in maintenance.
How to choose the right complex?
First of all, the volume of generated waste that will be fed to the sorting line is estimated. Depending on this indicator, the throughput of the equipment is determined. In this case, a margin of 20% must be left. Also, the number of fractions by which household waste will be sorted on the conveyor is calculated in advance. The number of manholes and bunkers of the final reception directly depends on this number - and, again, it will not be superfluous to provide for a few more additional sections. The degree of automation of functional processes should also be taken into account. Although most of the complexes provide for the participation of operators, manufacturers of such equipment are actively implementing automated control systems at certain stages - accordingly, they also increase the cost of mini-factories of this type.
Conclusion
The selection of fractions suitable for further use has become much more complicated in recent years. If before sorting taskswere reduced to the breakdown of waste into 2-3 groups, depending on the level of danger or the value of materials for further processing, then modern enterprises set goals for point classification. Suffice it to say that waste sorting on a high-tech line makes it possible to form groups in the areas of further use of secondary raw materials in factories and plants from different areas. So, waste paper is sent to furniture production, metal briquettes go to machine-tool factories, and polymer waste is in demand today even in its pure form at construction sites. At the same time, the designs of complexes that directly provide sorting functions at enterprises are being improved.
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