General concept of the process: essence, definition, characteristics and types

2024 Author: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-17 10:16

The essence of the process concept is a sequence of interdependent and related procedures that at each stage consume one or more resources (time, energy, money) to achieve some originally planned result. This result, however, is often used as a component in the next step until the goal or end result is achieved. The general concept denoting the process is inextricably linked with the result obtained.

In business

A business process or business method is a set of related, structured actions or tasks that, in a certain sequence, create a service or product (serves a specific business goal) for a specific client or clients. The concept of a process in business can often be visualized (modelled) as a flowchart with decision points, step sequences, or sequence mapping with relevancy rules. Benefits of using business methods include improved customer satisfaction and greater flexibility in responding to rapidmarket changes. Organizations focused on process concepts in business break down the barriers of structural divisions in enterprises or organizations.

A business process starts with a mission (an external event) and ends with a goal in the form of delivering a specific result that delivers customer value. In addition, it can be divided into sub-processes, displaying its specific internal functions.

Generally speaking, they can be organized into three types:

1. Operations that make up the core business and create a value stream, such as taking orders from customers, opening an account, and manufacturing a component.
2. Departments that oversee operational processes, including corporate governance, budgetary oversight, and employee oversight.
3. Supporters who support core operational processes such as accounting, recruitment, call center, technical support and security training.

Kirchmer suggests a somewhat different approach to these three types:

1. Operational, which are aimed at the proper execution of the operational tasks of the organization.
2. Management processes to ensure that operational tasks are carried out properly. This is where managers provide effective and workable solutions.
3. Management processes that ensure that the enterprise operates in full compliance with the necessary legal regulations, guidelines and shareholder expectations. Managers enforce rules andrecommendations for business success.
4. Complex. Can be decomposed into several sub-processes that have their own attributes but also contribute to the overall goal.
5. Business process analysis typically involves mapping or modeling down to the activity/task level.

Processes can be modeled using a large number of methods. Some of them can be visualized using drawing and schematic representation. While breaking them down into types and categories can be helpful, care should be taken as one can be confused with the other. Ultimately, they are all part of a unified result, which is the concept of the goal of the process - creating value for customers. Achievement of this goal is brought closer by business process management, whose task, among other things, is to analyze, improve and adopt programs.

The concept of system processes

In computation, a process is an instance of a running computer program. It contains code that defines its current activity. Depending on the operating system (OS), a process may consist of multiple threads of execution that execute commands simultaneously.

The definition of the concept of "process" gives, first of all, the presence of a certain sequence. Although a computer program is a passive collection of instructions, the term includes actually executing them. Some of them may be related to the sameprogram, such as opening multiple instances of the same application often results in multiple processes running.

Multitasking is a technique that allows multiple processes to share processors (CPUs) and other system resources. Each processor (core) performs a single task at a time. However, multitasking allows each of them to switch between the functions they perform without waiting for them to complete. Depending on the implementation of the operating system, switches may be activated when input and output operations are in progress, or when a task indicates that it can be switched on hardware interrupts.

A common form of multitasking is time sharing. This is a technique to provide high responsiveness for interactive user applications. In time-sharing systems, context switches are very fast due to multiple processes running on the same processor at the same time. This is called concurrency.

To ensure the security and reliability of most modern operating systems, developers prevent direct communication between independent processes by providing them with strictly mediated and controlled communication functionality.

The concept and types of civil process

Civil procedure is a set of laws that sets out the norms and standards that the court applies in civil lawsuits (as opposed to procedures in criminal lawquestions). These rules govern the order of a trial or case, for example:

• process type (if any);
• types of case statements, petitions and orders permitted in civil cases;
• terms and procedure for filing or disclosure;
• litigation;
• judgment process;
• various remedies available;
• how courts and clerks should function.

The difference between civil and criminal proceedings

Some systems, including English and French, allow government officials to initiate criminal proceedings against another person. The state uses almost every opportunity to punish the accused. On the other hand, civic actions are initiated by individuals, companies or organizations for their own benefit. In addition, governments (or their subdivisions and agencies) may also be involved in civil action. They usually take place in different courts.

In jurisdictions based on English common law systems, the party that creates a criminal charge (in most cases the state) is called the "prosecutor" and the party that initiates most forms of civil action is the plaintiff. In both types of action, the other party is known as the "defendant". For example, in the US, a criminal case against a person named Ms. Sanchez would be described as "The People v. Sanchez," "State (or Commonwe alth) v. Sanchez," or "[Name of State] v. Sanchez." But civil action between Ms. Sanchezand Mr. Smith would have been called Sanchez v. Smith if started by Sanchez, and Smith v. Sanchez if started by Mr. Smith. The basic concepts of process in American law include the aforementioned regulated names.

Most countries make a clear distinction between civil and criminal procedures. For example, a criminal court can force a convicted defendant to pay a fine as punishment for his crime and legal costs to both the prosecution and the defense. But the victim of a crime usually pursues his claims for compensation in a civil rather than a criminal act. However, in France and England, the victim of a crime can be compensated by a criminal court judge. Signs of the concept of process include, among other things, the differences between Anglo-Saxon and continental law.

Evidence from a criminal trial is generally admissible as evidence in a civil trial on the same issue. For example, the victim of a traffic accident has no direct benefit if the driver who harmed him is found guilty of a crime. The victim still has to prove his case in a civil proceeding unless the doctrine of collateral estoppel applies, as is done in most American jurisdictions. In fact, he can win his civil case even when the driver is found not guilty in a criminal trial, because the standard for determining guilt is higher than the standard for determiningerrors.

If the plaintiff has shown that the defendant is liable, the main remedy in civil court is the amount of money that the defendant must pay to the plaintiff. Alternative remedies include restitution, or transfer of property.

The state as the main prosecutor

Standards of proof are higher in a criminal case than in a civil case because the state is unwilling to risk punishing the innocent. In English law, the prosecution must prove the guilt of the perpetrator "beyond reasonable doubt", but the plaintiff in civil action must prove his case "on the balance of probabilities". Thus, in a criminal case, a crime cannot be proven if the person or persons judging it doubt the guilt of the suspect and have a serious reason (and not just a feeling or intuition) for this doubt. But in a civil case, the court will weigh all the evidence. This is part of the essence of the concept of process.

Anatomy

In anatomy, a process is the projection or growth of tissue from a larger body. For example, in the spine, the process may occur to attach muscles and the shoulder (as in the case of transverse and spinous processes), or to form a synovial joint. The word is used even at the microanatomical level. Depending on the tissue, the processes may also be referred to by other terms such as apophysis.

In training

In 1972, Donald M. Murray published a brief manifesto en titled "Teaching Writingas a process, not a result. This phrase expressed the pedagogical approach of many teachers of writing. Ten years later, in 1982, Maxine Hairston argued that the teaching of writing had undergone a "paradigm shift" from a focus on written works to written processes. For this reason, in our time it is difficult to give one clear description of the concept of the learning process that would suit everyone.

For many years, it has been suggested that learning typically involves three to five "stages". What is now called "post-process" research demonstrates that it is rarely possible to accurately describe these "stages" as fixed steps in the truest sense of the word. Rather, they are more accurately conceptualized as overlapping parts of a complex whole or part of a recursive process that are repeated many times throughout learning. Thus, authors usually find that, for example, editorial changes in the learning process are misunderstanding and overstrain of students.

Social Model of the Writing Process

Even grammar has a social dimension to writing. Perhaps to fully explain the contempt caused by some misuse of language by some people, we need to better understand how we make the connection between language, order, and those deep psychic forces that perceive linguistic misbehavior. So you can't just say that everything is right or wrong.

Use to work with autistics

UseWritten processes are effective in working with autistic students because they allow them to record their life history in the context of their disability, which is beneficial to their mental and mental he alth. Creating a descriptive identity in the usual sense is quite difficult for them due to their problems with interpersonal communication. The stories of autistic students can sometimes disturb neurotic peers with whom they share a common class. Here is a quote from an impromptu autobiography of one of these students: “Sometimes communication is not easy for me - it can bring sadness and regret. My family and friends, after reading the manuscript of this book, were deeply saddened to know how I see this world.”

Benefits for socialization

Researcher Rose points to the famous work of Temple Grandin and Donna Williams as examples of autistic autobiographies and compares them to the utility of women's autobiographies advocated by Susan Stanford Friedman to show the interconnectedness between women. She writes that such writings can minimize the "pathologizing of differences" that can easily occur between autistic students and neurotic peers, but is slowly blurred by such autobiographies. Awareness of the social significance of writing helps autistic people understand other people, themselves, their place in life and the essence of their congenital disorder. The process of writing autistic autobiographies is a great therapeutic tool that has helped more than one child.

From a rhetorical point of view, using this method to work withstudents with disabilities (and not just autistic students) seems promising. This would presumably promote a sense of unity among students with disabilities and help them feel at home. The basic concepts of the learning process should be reduced not only to trying to load students (especially those with intellectual disabilities) with a variety of information, but also to teaching social skills.