Classification of machines: types, application, device

2024 Author: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Last modified: 2024-01-17 18:37

Classification of machines involves the division of these devices into some groups. Most of them are designed for processing workpieces by grinding, cutting or drilling. In addition, these devices do an excellent job with wood, textolite, plastic and other inorganic materials. Some models are designed for processing glass and ceramics. Let us consider in more detail the features and characteristics of this equipment.

Classification of machines

These devices are divided into several main groups:

1. Turning modifications. They are designed for machining rotary workpieces. The only generalization factor for these tools is cutting the part while it is rotating.
2. Drilling machines. This group also includes boring models. They are designed for processing metal and other parts by drilling holes in them of the required diameter and length. In horizontal boring versions, this operation can be performed by moving the working table with the workpiece.
3. Grinding group combinesmachines that use special nozzles as a working body (abrasive wheels of different specifications and diameters).
4. Polishing and finishing machines. The classification and purpose of these devices is focused on finishing workpieces with abrasive powders, tapes, pastes.

Other groups

Gear processing units are included in the category of machines used for processing grinding and other teeth. The class of milling manipulators uses cutters of various configurations and diameters as a cutting tool.

The planing versions are summarized by one common feature: the process is carried out by the method of rectilinear reciprocating motion. Another specific category is cutting and sawing of rolled blanks (channels, angles, similar materials). Also in the classification of machines, the following variations are distinguished:

• extended models that use a multi-blade tool (broaching);
• versions aimed at the processing of threaded connections and its manufacture;
• auxiliary units that include most of the options that the above devices have.

Indices and numbering in the classification of lathes

In the Soviet Union practiced a single system of symbols. According to the standards of the experimental research institute, each group of machine tools was divided into the same number of subgroups.

The table below shows the main parameters.

Name	Turning	Drilling and sharpening	Grinding and Finishing	Gear and thread machines	Cutters	Slitting and planing
1	Single spindle, carousel and multifunction options	Semiautomatic	Multi-spindle	Cut off with drilling capability	Working with provided modes	Standard operations
2	Cylindrical grinding	Light Beams	Automatic machines	Boring by coordinates	_	_
3	Light Beams	Conical finish-oriented	Internal grinding	Specialized grinding	Standard program	Standard
4	Automatic	Continuous cutters	Complemented with light beams	Electrochemistry	_	Standard
5	For cutting worm, round and other wheels	Fortaper machining	_	For worm gear machining	Machining all the parts provided for in the instruction manual	_
6	Vertical cantilever and milling models	Vertical milling versions	_	One for longitudinal version	_	_
7	Longitudinal versions with one working line	Continuous machines	Cross planer units	Longitudinal leveling performance	_	_
8	Longitudinal cut-offs	Two- and single-column	Grinding wheel	Circle trim	Drill vertical and horizontal holes	_
9	Coupling modifications	Include pipe processing tools in their segment	Centerless organization	All options available	_	_
10	Other options	Saws and notches	_	_	All characteristic services	_

Features

From the indicated classification of machines, it can be understood that the units are combined according to alphanumeric designations. The union includes numbering as such in the following sequence:

1. The first digit indicates the group to which the product belongs.
2. The second digit is the type of equipment.
3. Subsequent numbers define the conditional size in decimeters.
4. Models 162 (A, B, K) have up to 1200 rpm.
5. Simplified modifications of the 6H82 and 6H12 types are made on the basis of an improved machine of the second dimension. The most modern machine tool unit is identified as model 2620.

Classification of milling machines

Speed parameters are calculated by the formula:

V=Dn/1000, where D is the diameter and n is the speed of the cutter. One thousand revolutions - the speed of movement of the table relative to the working tip. The feed of the cutter is indicated by the letter S, taking into account the frequency and dependence of processing, in terms of one revolution. Serve dependency:

• Z - number of teeth.
• T - depth of cut.
• T/min - removed thickness in width and thickness in millimeters.

Milling can be carried out in the opposite way to the feed of the cutter, or with the coincidence of the feed of the work item and the rotation of the working platform.

Versatile and accurate

Classificationmachine tools are sometimes defined by their degree of versatility:

• Instances configured for a wide range of different sizes. For the specified group, several categories of operations can be performed.
• Production of parts of the same type (different-sized parts of the skeletons, shafts and other structures of the same configuration, but differing in size).
• Individual elements produced according to a standard template with different overall dimensions.
• Special options for specific manipulations.

Cutters

In the classification of milling machines, a separate place is given to cantilever-horizontal and universal units. These modifications allow you to process horizontal and vertical surfaces at any angle, and on the "universal" with a turntable, it is possible to mill screw and gear parts with maximum accuracy. Expand the technological operations of these machines with all kinds of nozzles according to the type of unified heads and other devices.

Console modifications differ from vertical-horizontal versions in that they are equipped with a table rotation about its own axis. Multifunctional devices are provided with a special trunk on the skeleton, which aggregates with the spindle head and other structural elements. On such equipment, operations are performed on the processing of cast iron, steel, non-ferrous metals. The console is located on vertical guides that hold the sled with a longitudinalplate and related parts used for horizontal processing of the material.

Automation

According to the degree of accuracy, the classification of machines is displayed as follows:

• "H" is normal.
• "P" - increased accuracy parameter.
• "B" is a precision machine.
• "A" - a unit with especially high accuracy characteristics.
• "C" - professional super precision machines.

For example, marking 16-K-20P indicates that the classification of machines for metal of this type indicates its increased accuracy.

Automation

The devices under consideration are divided into autonomous and semi-automatic samples. In the last units, the fastening of the workpieces and their subsequent removal is performed by the operator. The classification of CNC machines implies their operation autonomously, with the delivery and dismantling of parts by flexible production modules.

The numerical designation of the units is given below:

• Ф-1 - digital indication with preliminary selection of coordinates.
• F-2 - system with positional control configuration.
• F-3 - contour group.
• F-4 is a versatile design in terms of control.

Numbering and weight

Classification of drilling machines includes their division by weight. The equipment in question is distinguished by this factor in this way:

1. Weight up to one ton - light aggregates.
2. Up to 10 tons - average.
3. Heavy - up to 16 tons.
4. Large - up to 30 t.
5. Especially heavy - up to 100 t.

Classification of grinding machines and their analogues is determined by an alphanumeric code. This index indicates the belonging of the tool to a certain group, as well as the limiting dimensions of the workpieces being machined and the drilling diameters. Equipment of the same size, but with different parameters, is characterized by a letter placed between the first and second digits. For example, models 162 and 1K62 differ in speed. The first version has 600 rotations per minute, the second - 2000. In addition, you can distinguish the machines by the last letter at the end of the defining index. The basic modification of a horizontal milling machine is 6H82, a simplified version is 6H82G.

In some standard sizes, the numbering indicates the purpose of the devices and the classification by the fourth digit. For example, the 262 horizontal boring machine has an improved version of the 2620. This identification makes it easy to identify the necessary equipment in special catalogs, as well as to select the appropriate spare parts.

Main categories

The turret turning unit has a horizontal swivel head. On the skeleton there is a headstock with a high-speed box, as well as a spindle with a revolving cam. The movement is transmitted by the drive shaft and the bar feed mechanism.

Single column vertical lathe functions by placing the workpiece to be machined on the faceplate. The traverse is on verticalguide elements. The movement from the gearbox is transformed by moving the turret-shaped caliper.

The classification of double column lathes has more calipers. In this case, the second supporting element can be installed on the second rack, the gearbox is mounted in the lower part of the housing.

Multi-cutting equipment is equipped with a bed with a headstock, a gearbox and a spindle. The design includes several calipers, two front blocks and one rear counterpart. The longitudinal movement of the part is provided by interchangeable wheels and a guitar that determines the magnitude of the working feeds. Guiding elements are mounted on the tailstock.

Turn and occipital versions practically do not differ from screw-cutting models. The headstock with the spindle is located on the frame. An occipital support with a cutting holder and an apron is mounted on guides and adjusting parts. In addition, the design includes a tailstock, lead screw and shaft.

Frontal units differ from metal-working "brothers" in that they do not have a tailstock. In the front there is a speed box with a spindle and a fixed faceplate. The bed is located transversely on a separate plate with a tool holder and a caliper.