Machines for fertilization. Classification of machines, methods of fertilization

2024 Author: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-17 10:16

On an industrial scale, it is practically impossible to make tuki manually. This is why fertilizer spreaders have been developed. Some of them are designed to fertilize the soil with organic matter, while others are used as a means of mechanization that can facilitate the application of mineral fertilizers. The equipment must ensure compliance with the agrotechnical requirements for this agricultural technique.

Agrotechnical requirements for the application process

Machines for applying fertilizers should ensure a uniform process with a diameter of synthetic fertilizer granules up to 5 mm, and their number with such less than 1 mm should not exceed 1%. Those of them that are mineral should not have high humidity (allowed within 1.5-15%). The dose of fertilizer applied should fluctuate, since different crops and different soils require different rates. It should be between 50 and 1000 kg/ha.

Fertilizer planters need to distribute fertilizer more evenly than spreaders. Deviations in thisindicator for the first should not exceed 15%, and for the second - 25%.

Using organic fertilizer machines, it may be necessary to apply up to 100 t/ha of manure or compost, as well as liquid forms in the form of slurry and other fertilizers. The unevenness of their distribution along the length coincides with that when mineral fertilizers are applied by fertilizer seeders, and along the width - with spreaders.

The depth of placement when using machines for subsoil application of fertilizers should not deviate from the specified one by more than 15%. The time interval between spreading and incorporation should be minimal when using organic fertilizers (no more than 2 hours). In the case of using their mineral varieties, this interval increases to 12 hours.

Unworked lanes are not allowed during application, and therefore adjacent passes overlap.

Classification of fertilizer machines

All equipment designed to carry out the type of operation in question is divided according to its purpose into those performing the following actions:

• preparing fertilizer for spreading;
• transporting them;
• feeding.

According to the type of fertilizer applied, the equipment is divided into:

• applying organic fertilizers;
• applying mineral fertilizers.

Depending on the application technology, the following agricultural machinery is allocated to perform these types of work:

1. Liquid fertilizer machines.
2. Those in relation to pulverizedTukam.
3. Slurry and manure spreaders.
4. Aircraft and centrifugal machines.
5. Fertilizer planters.

Classification of fertilizer spreaders provides for their division into mounted and trailed according to the method of aggregation.

Introduction of mineral fertilizers

It can be carried out according to direct-flow (warehouse - field) and reloading (with a wedged loading vehicle between them) schemes. Machines for applying mineral fertilizers are divided into those for solid and liquid fertilizers. The first of them are introduced according to the schemes described above. In addition to trailed and mounted units, there are self-propelled varieties, for example, ESVM-7, which has a set of interchangeable units that can be used to apply both solid and liquid fertilizers.

When liquid fertilizers are introduced, a third one is added to the two schemes specified above - transshipment. The original technologies are complicated by the fact that fertilizer machines are wedged into the process, located in front of the "field".

Liquid mineral fertilizers are applied using machines of the PZHU, OP-2000 families, ammonia - using those of the ABA family, and its aqueous solution - POM-630. The latter and OP-2000 are fertilizer and chemical plant protection machines.

Solid fertilizer spreaders produced by industry

They are of increased capacity, which are used when it is necessary to use increased rates of fertilizers, to work ingardens, small plots, mountainous areas.

The RTT-4, 2A fertilizer seeder is used for making powder and granular forms. It is used in vegetable growing, fertilizing meadows, feeding grain crops.

The device of fertilizer machines is discussed below using her example.

Under the fertilizer box there are sowing machines. The plate is located partly under the bottom, and partly behind the drawer. It is driven by a gear ring. Above it are ejectors, a scraper and a fertilizer guide.

Through the holes located in the bottom of the fertilizer box, the fertilizer falls on the plates, the droppers place it on the shields. The latter contribute to the distribution of top dressing in the soil.

The required rate is set by rearranging the gears in the gears and changing between the dampers and the gap plates. Before sowing in the field, the dose is checked in stationary conditions by placing a tarpaulin under the fertilizer seeders. The adjustment is carried out according to the table, which is usually attached to the agricultural machine.

The plates are installed in such a way that between them and the bottom of the box there is a gap of 2-3 mm, which does not allow fats to fall out, to prevent wear of rubbing parts.

This seeder is capable of sowing up to 1100 kg of fertilizer per 1 ha. At the same time, they can be mounted on powerful tractors by 3-5 machines, each of which has a fertilizer box with a capacity of 7000 kg.

Another mineral fertilizer machineof a slightly different design is NRU-0, 5. Its uninterrupted process is carried out with the help of active vault breakers. The dosing device has two shutters. Between them and the bottom of the hopper there is a sowing bar, which, with the help of oscillatory movements, pushes the fertilizer through the slots. Tuks fall on spreading discs that rotate in different directions. They are the last link in the fertilizer chain. A metal mesh is installed above the hopper to catch large lumps. The seeding rate is regulated by the dynamics of the amplitude of the oscillation of the bar and the size of the slots.

Sieving width up to 11 m, capacity - 400 l.

Another machine for applying solid mineral fertilizers is a spreader with a different application method - 1-RMG-4.

His body rests on a running sprung device. A conveyor moves along the floor of the first. On the back wall there is a dispenser with a shutter.

This spreader has a fertilizer divider that separates the flow of fertilizer into two parts, after which they enter the spreading discs, rotating in opposite directions. It is possible to disperse up to 5 t/ha. This indicator is changed by adjusting the height of the metering gate and the speed of the conveyor. The rods included in the latter should fit snugly against the body, sagging under it on the other side by 1 cm.

The width of the scatter strip is from 6 to 14 m.

For transportation and fertilizationthe RUM-8 machine and its modifications are used. It is a semi-trailer in which there is a conveyor with spreaders. There is also a leveler in the back.

Using a conveyor, fertilizers are fed to a dispenser with a damper. Similar to other machines, the fertilizers from the dispenser go to the fertilizer guide and discs rotating towards each other.

The spreading width is 10-20 m. Fertilizer control is carried out using a viewing window.

There are other solid fertilizer machines. Their device and principle of operation largely coincides with the brands considered.

Fertilizer crushing equipment

There are also such units, in addition to machines for applying mineral fertilizers and for preparing them for this process. They are used if it is necessary to grind the caked fats. For this, the ISU-4 machine is used, with the help of which fertilizers are crushed and sieved. On the bottom of the bunker there is a working body, on which sieves, knives, a cutter and unloading scrapers are fixed. A dust cover is mounted above the rotor.

Large lumps of fertilizer are broken with a cutter. After complete grinding, fertilizers are pieces with a diameter of no more than 5-7 mm, which wake up through the holes of the sieves.

Crushed fats are raked by hand from the bottom and fed to the rotor, which throws them into the shoulder. Those inclusions that cannot be crushed are unloaded independently through the bunker window.

In addition to those discussed above, the following brands of machines for applying mineral fertilizers are used:

• seeder SZTM-4N;
• car spreader KSA-3;
• centrifugal spreader RMS-6;
• MXA-7;
• STT-10;
• MVU-8B.

Application of liquid mineral fertilizers

Ammonia water has a lower cost per unit of active substance compared to ammonium nitrate, one of the most common forms of solid mineral fertilizers. This is due to the fact that some technological operations are not used in its production. In addition, work on the introduction of this fat can be combined with such technological methods as deep loosening or cultivation.

Ammonia water and liquid ammonia must be applied using special liquid fertilizer machines.

Their transportation is carried out using containers for transporting liquids, for example, a 4500x2 cassette with a capacity of 9000 liters. At the same time, it is installed in the body of an ordinary car.

Applying liquid mineral fertilizers can be done with trailed feeders PZhU-2000 or PZhU-4500. They are aggregated with chisel plows, subsoilers and cultivators.

Dosing of liquid mineral fertilizers is carried out by changing the pressure of the working solution or by selecting a calibrated jet. In such units there are pressure, suction filters, additional filters for each section, hydraulic mixers.

With the help of the applied chisel plows and cultivators, it is possible to carry out a uniform incorporation of liquidmineral fertilizers to the required depth, moreover, it can be up to 30 cm, which allows the delivery of nitrogen under the root system of plants.

In addition to these units, the AVA-8 machine can be used for the same purpose, which also allows them to be embedded in the soil, but has a smaller processing depth - up to 12 cm.

The first units considered are modern and inaccessible to most farms that are not large. The ABA-0, 5 machine can also be used for these purposes. While moving across the field, the metering piston makes reciprocating movements, as a result of which ammonia enters the metering device through the flow valve from the tank, from where it is pushed into the distributor. From there, it enters the tubes of the working bodies, after which it is embedded to a depth of up to 14 cm. Dosing of ammonia here is carried out according to the set volume, flow density and pressure. The increase in the productivity of the unit is facilitated by the steam-return method of refueling in a gas piping with a compressor, but it worsens the working conditions of personnel and contributes to air pollution. Therefore, it is performed outside the settlement, on the edge of the field.

Such units have such working bodies that can fail during operation. Usually one or two such organs “drop out” of the process, in which case the rest are evenly shifted. The working width is calculated and the application dose is adjusted.

There are machines for applying liquid fertilizers, not only mineral, but also organic, which will be discussed below.

Agriculturalorganic fertilizer technology

It includes two classes of equipment:

1. Machines for applying liquid organic fertilizers.
2. Aggregates for solids.

They usually have higher body capacity than similar mineral fertilizer spreaders. This is due to the fact that organics are used in much larger doses.

Manure and compost spreaders operate according to a similar technological scheme: fertilizers are fed to the spreader by a conveyor, where they are crushed and scattered.

Solid organic matter is introduced using this technology:

• straight-through, including two components: a farm and a field;
• transshipment, which includes the same two components, between which the collar is wedged;
• two-phase.

The first one is used if the same machines are used for transportation and application. The second is used to form piles along the edge of the field in free time, scattering them when necessary. Two-phase technology involves placing manure in certain heaps in a certain order based on the application rate, after which they are distributed by a swather-spreader across the field.

Solid Organic Application Technique

As well as for mineral fertilizers, there is a large number of equipment under consideration for their varieties obtained from natural raw materials. See below for solid organic fertilizer machines.

With the help of ROU-5, compost, peat, manure are spread. Can be used as a self-loading transport trailer when the spreading device is removed and the tailgate is mounted in its place.

Consists of spreading and chopping drums. The last one is at the bottom. He throws the incoming fertilizer through himself, loosens and crushes it. The spreading drum picks up the incoming crop, distributing it across the field.

The dose of organics is regulated by the speed of the conveyor.

The capacity of the unit is 5 tons, the spreading width is up to 6 m.

Besides him, there is another machine for applying organic fertilizers - PRT-10. Here the conveyor has two branches, between which there is a triangular divider.

The dose of applied fertilizer is regulated by the selection of the necessary sprockets in the drive of the latter.

The load capacity of the machine is 10 tons, the working width is 5-6 m.

The RUN-15B machine is used to distribute organics from heaps that were formed on the field in a checkerboard pattern. A swather is installed on the front hitch of the tractor, and a spreader is installed on the rear. The support of the first is carried out on rollers, which can be adjusted in height. With its help, a continuous flow of fertilizer is formed. At the end of the converging sidewalls there is a dispensing window through which the mass passes. Its width and height can be adjusted to ensure that the next pile forms an even swath.

Above the window isa pusher that destroys large clods and pushes out organic matter. Fertilizer is distributed across the field by rotors with four blades.

The unit can spread from 15 to 60 tons of organic matter per 1 ha.

In addition, surface spreading can be carried out using a single-axle semi-trailer 1-PTU-4. With its help, the transportation and distribution of solid organic matter is carried out. There is a spreader on the body.

Fertilizers are supplied by a chain-slat conveyor. The capture width is up to 6 m. The spread is carried out by two auger drums. The grinding of them is the lower one. With its help, organic matter is thrown through it, loosened and crushed. The top drum promotes distribution of fertilizers across the field. They spin in the same direction but at different speeds.

The application rate is determined by the forward speed of the unit and the speed of the conveyor. A table with approximate norms is placed on board the machine.

The capacity of the unit is 4 tons, the spreading width is up to 6 m.

Units for applying organic matter to the furrows

The MLG-1 machine can be used for the intrasoil application of solid organic matter into the beds. At the bottom of its body there is a chain-slat conveyor, a hopper and a mass equalizer. At the bottom of the bunker there is a belt conveyor, a hiller, a furrower, a chopping drum.

While moving across the field, furrows are cut on the surface of the soil with the help of a furrow maker. organicthe conveyor moves to the crushing drum. The uniformity of the feed is ensured by the mass equalizer. With the help of a grinding drum, organic matter is fed to a belt conveyor, from where it then enters the furrow. The latter is covered with soil using a hiller.

The application rate is controlled by the amount of harrow lowering and the speed of the chain-slat conveyor. The depth of the furrow is set by the corresponding furrow maker setting.

This unit is representative of liquid organic fertilizer subsurface application machines. In addition to this brand, the ABB-F-2, 8 unit can be used for such purposes.

Machines for applying liquid organic fertilizers

They are used in direct-flow technology using spreader tanks.

The liquid spreader RZhT-8 is used not only for applying liquid organic fertilizers, but also for extinguishing fires and washing cars.

The tank has a hatch through which it is filled. The machine is equipped with a self-loading vacuum, distributing and pressure-switching devices, an intake rod.

Self-loading is carried out with the help of a vacuum created by two pumps. A tank with a suction port is connected by a pipeline. Vacuum pumps are protected from liquid ingress by a branch pipe with two hollow balls located one below the other. The pop-up top ball covers the opening of the suction pipe.

The pressure-switching device consists of a damper, a sleeve andcentrifugal pump. With the help of the latter, fertilizer is supplied with a moisture content of at least 85%. The tank has a baffle that dampens liquid impacts.

The latter can be poured through nozzles or into a mixing tank along the sleeve.

The dose of applied fertilizer is from 10 to 40 t/ha, which is regulated by changing nozzles, as well as changing the working speed of the machine (8.5-11 km/h).

Fertilizers are distributed over the surface of the field using a flap that adjusts the width of the unit. At a 27-degree angle, it is 8-10 m. Its dynamics proportionally changes the latter.

To extinguish fires or wash cars, attach a sleeve to the distribution pipe after removing the nozzles.

The capacity of the tank is 8000 liters.

This is the arrangement of machines for applying liquid fertilizers, considered on the example of RZhT-8.

The RZhT-4 and 16 units, as well as the units of the MZhT and PZhT series, have a similar structure. They can be equipped with devices for subsoil application of liquid organic matter.

The liquid spreader RZHU-3, 6, in addition to being used as a machine for applying liquid organic fertilizers, can be used to extinguish fires, wash cars, and also refuel sprayers with pesticides.

The tank is mounted on the GAZ-53 chassis. On the front bottom of it and the car, a pressure-vacuum line is mounted, which includes a vacuum pump, a hydraulic motor, a gearbox, an oil tank. Oil is supplied to the hydraulic cylinders and the hydraulic motor by a gear pump. FROMa gearbox is connected by a hydraulic motor, which includes a paddle mixer in the tank and a vacuum pump.

In addition to the loading neck, there is a safety device on the barrel. After filling it, the float pops up, and with the help of its rod, the ignition is turned off.

In order to introduce organic matter or fill the tank, excess pressure or vacuum is created in it.

Introduction is carried out with the help of a gate and a deflector. The dose of application is regulated by jets inserted into the cylindrical part of the shutter, which have different openings. The jet emerging from it hits the reflector and transforms into a liquid fan, the width of which is controlled by the dynamics of the reflector tilt angle.

Swap width is up to 8 m, tank capacity is 3.4 cubic meters.

In closing

Fertiliser machines are designed to replace human manual labor in this operation. In relation to mineral fertilizers, spreaders and seeders with fertilizer seeders are used. Aggregates are also used for applying top dressings in liquid form. They are considered more effective than solid ones. Organic fertilizers can be spread at the same time by one transporting machine, or picked up by spreaders from pre-formed piles. There are many brands of machines that are characterized by a similar device and principle of operation compared to those described.