The retail market is The concept of the retail market, its types and features

2024 Author: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-17 10:16

Retail trade plays an important role in the overall process of selling products. Today there are many varieties of such objects. Their activities are regulated by law. This allows us to make trade civilized, meeting all modern requirements. The retail market is a special structure. Its features and functions will be discussed further.

General definition

Federal Law No. 271 governs markets. He also defines such objects. The retail market is a complex of a property nature that operates for the purpose of selling various goods or providing services to the end consumer. At such facilities, prices are determined at the conclusion of the relevant sale and purchase agreements, as well as household-type agreements. There are definitely trading places in the market.

There are several different types of category presented. They differ side by sidecharacteristics. The retail market is a system that is subject to the norms of the law. It is organized according to established rules.

First, a plan is created and approved. The territory is outlined. Further, its layout is being developed. The number of individual structures, their number and type affiliation are indicated. Planning is carried out in accordance with urban planning, architectural, building codes. The territory is selected in accordance with the rules established for such objects.

When creating a market, they are guided by the needs of the population in a particular product in a particular area. Next, choose which type of trading platform will be the most relevant here. The plan developed by the relevant organizations is approved by the state authorities of the region, the courts.

Only a legal entity organizes the market. Its registration is carried out in accordance with the procedure established by law. This organization will subsequently rent out trading places in the market. An agreement is concluded with the persons who will conduct their activities here. They are provided with trading places for rent.

Varieties. Universal Market

Wholesale-retail can operate in four forms. Each of them has certain characteristics. These can be universal, specialized, agricultural and cooperative markets.

Universal varieties have a certain structure. About 80% of this market is occupied by stalls selling products of different classes. It is determined by the nomenclaturegoods, which is established by the relevant authority for this type.

One-stop markets allow many businesses to operate here. Not only food, but also household goods and clothes can be sold there. Most markets in the Russian Federation are classified as universal.

For consumers, such a marketplace opens up many opportunities. They can buy almost all the necessary goods on the territory of this market. This, for example, can be food, household chemicals, clothing, appliances, dishes. The list of products can be extensive.

The wholesale and retail market is characterized by the presence of an established range of goods. This concept refers to the total number of product groups and categories that are offered by sellers or manufacturers. The nomenclature of goods is approved by the Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation. For this, order No. 56 of 02/26/07 was issued.

Speci alty market

The functioning of retail markets can be carried out according to other schemes. They are less common than the universal variety. So, there is a specialized market. On such a trading platform, 80% of the counters are occupied by products of one class. This, for example, can be building materials, stationery, food, etc.

A separate category is specialized markets that do not have a trading platform as such. Products are sold at a distance, for example, via the Internet, by mail, or delivered to the consumer through a network of intermediaries to the consumer. This could be a retail energy market, for example.

Agricultural markets

Considering the basic provisions of retail markets, we should consider another category of their organization. These are trading platforms where the sale or purchase of agricultural goods is carried out. It sells relatively homogeneous products. It is produced by agricultural enterprises. The list of products that can be presented on such a market is approved by the Government of the Russian Federation. These can be food products, finished products of agricultural enterprises of various profiles, clothing, art products and crafts.

A cooperative market can be organized on the basis of an agricultural trading platform. In this case, the person who manages the market is registered as a consumer cooperative. His actions are subject to the law. The list of products is indicated by the authorized federal executive authorities.

Competencies

The functioning of retail markets is carried out in accordance with established legislation. The relevant provisions regulate which goods are included and not included in the turnover of retail trade. They should be considered in more detail.

Thus, in addition to the cost of goods sold for cash, a number of other incomes are included in the turnover. These may be productssold by mail (payment is made by bank transfer) or on credit.

Also, the total turnover includes products that were commissioned. In this case, it is important whether the seller is the owner of the goods or only an intermediary in the process of its implementation. Payment is made in the form of commissions or the full cost of the product.

The turnover includes goods sold according to durable samples, at a discount (for certain segments of the population), by subscription (printed publications). This includes the cost of packaging material, containers that were not included in the price.

The rules of the retail market do not allow to include in the turnover the cost of products that do not withstand the service life guaranteed by the manufacturer, as well as travel coupons, tickets for any type of transport. The organization and operation of such trading platforms is regulated by law. All organizations that carry out settlement transactions must have special cash registers. It does not depend on the form and method of trading.

Types of trade

Studying the basic provisions of retail markets, several main types of trade should be noted. They are characterized by a number of features. The first group includes distribution trade. It is carried out outside the fixed network. For its implementation, special equipment is used, which can only function on the basis of a vehicle. For example, it could be a mobile bakery orcoffee shop.

The category of mobile retail trade may include special auto shops, hand carts, machines that carry out delivery or distribution of products.

The second category belongs to peddling. This is a special type, which is also carried out outside the stationary retail chain. In this case, the seller contacts the buyer directly at home or at his work, in transport, on the street. Employees of organizations that carry out this type of sales are also called "traveling salesmen".

Mail-order trade belongs to the third category. It is carried out on orders. They are sent by mail. This type of trading is very popular today and is gaining momentum.

The fourth category is commission trading. This is the sale of non-food products that are sold by commission agents. They receive products from third parties (they are intermediaries). An agreement is concluded between these entities. Within a certain period, the owner of the product has the right to it. If he doesn't pick up his item, the agent sells it.

The fifth category is the sale of products by sample. The buyer gets acquainted with the products, which are presented in the form of samples. It may also be detailed in catalogues, handbooks, brochures and other media.

Retail electricity market

What is it and what are its features? There are special provisions for the operation of retail electricity markets. A similar category of product sales stands out fromthe total mass of food and non-food products.

The retail electricity market is the field of activity in which the purchase and sale of power is carried out. It can be electrical or thermal energy. At the same time, the energy supplying organization supplies its products directly to the consumer.

The main provisions of the retail electricity markets are regulated by Law No. 442 of May 4, 2012, which was approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation. All interactions between supplier and consumer are clearly defined in this document.

Participants in this market can be directly consumers, as well as performing utility organizations. The latter acquire electricity for further supply to its users. The participants in this market can be suppliers who provide guarantees, power supply companies of an independent type. This includes entities that, for a number of reasons, cannot be considered participants in the wholesale trade or have lost such status.

Another category of subjects of the presented market can be network organizations, system operators. This category includes legal entities that are owners of electric grid facilities.

Pricing in the energy market

The retail electricity market is characterized by a certain approach to product pricing. The cost can be regulated and unregulated. For different categories of consumers applyyour approach. This process is regulated by relevant legislative acts.

Regulated prices are applied in case of supply of energy to the population or consumer groups that are equated to it. For this, a tariff is approved. It is established by the relevant executive authority. Regional services approve tariffs and make settlements with organizations that sell energy resources. Such organizations set surcharges for the supply of electricity to consumers.

Unregulated prices are free. They apply to consumers who do not belong to the population category. These can be industrial organizations, companies and societies. In this case, the cost of electricity is not subject to tariffication. The procedure for carrying out such calculations is regulated by the relevant legislative acts.

Settlements with consumers are carried out according to one of 6 price categories. The consumer can choose the most favorable conditions for energy supply. If you make the wrong choice, the overpayment will be significant. Therefore, you need to consider all the offers, and then choose the best option.

Organization Rules

Organization of the retail market is carried out in accordance with the legislative acts approved by the Government of the Russian Federation. According to their provisions, trade is carried out on the basis of agreements. They prescribe prices, as well as the conditions under which the purchase or sale of goods is carried out.

Similar objects can be organizedaccording to different templates. The most efficient of them are supermarkets, grocery stores, department stores, mini markets, as well as markets that sell manufactured goods. They can be combined or specialized.

In the sales area, the range of products can vary significantly depending on the type of retail market. The most extensive are department stores. Next, they are followed by supermarkets and grocery stores. The smallest area is occupied by a minimarket. The larger the area of the object, the more extensive the range of goods.

Requirements for services provided

Considering the main provisions of the functioning of retail markets, it should be noted several requirements that are put forward by the legislation for the conduct of market trading. After the approval of the market plan, the issues of its protection, as well as the safety of its operation, are resolved. All participants in trade relations must comply with the requirements of the law, act in accordance with the agreements concluded.

Sellers are required to use cash register equipment. A register of sellers is maintained, as well as contracts that have been concluded with them. They are given cards. Periodically, checks are made of trading places, the compliance of the actions of sellers with the contracts that were concluded with them. Daily monitoring of the compliance of the workplace, products with the requirements of the law. If violations are detected, trading at this workplace is prohibited. Verification is carried out before the market opens.

Having considered the features of the organization of the presented type of trade, we can say that the retailThe market is a special system of relationships between sellers and end consumers. Its functioning is regulated by law, which ensures the security of the exchange in the process of selling various goods and services.