Intensive garden: definition, bookmarking technology, tips and tricks

2024 Author: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Last modified: 2024-01-07 20:55

Technologies for growing fruit trees have advanced a lot in recent years. Today, summer residents, among other things, have the opportunity to choose between intensive and extensive gardening methods. The first cultivation technology at the same time allows you to get large yields. Not without reason, even modern industrial gardening is based on intensive cultivation methods.

Definition

They call intensive gardens with low-stem fruit trees of varieties that differ in precocity. A feature of such plantings, among other things, is the frequent placement of pears, apple trees, plums, etc.

In the extensive cultivation of orchards, trees are usually planted according to schemes of 8x4 or 6x4 m. In this case, medium-sized vegetatively propagated rootstocks are used. There are 312-416 ordinary trees and about 660 dwarf trees per 1 ha in such gardens. With this cultivation technology for 8-10 years from the site, you can get 10-15 t / ha of fruits, not toohigh product characteristics.

Intensive cultivation technique allows getting 15 t/ha of apples, pears, etc. of excellent quality already in the second year after setting up the orchard. Trees in this case are grown on dwarf rootstocks. At the same time, there can be from 2 to 10 thousand of them per 1 ha. For 3-4 years after the start of cultivation, the yield in intensive orchards reaches 30-40 t/ha, and for 5-6 - 50-60 t/ha.

Technology Features

Any system of agricultural technology for cultivating such a garden is primarily aimed at accelerating the growth of leaf mass by plants and their fruiting. The gardener who has chosen this technique should first of all choose the right stock and scion. Also, in order to get such a garden on a suburban area, you need to strictly follow the technology for placing young trees.

Schemes and designs of intensive gardens can be used differently. But of course, when cultivating apple trees, plum trees, pears, etc. using this technique, it is important, first of all, to correctly form the crowns of plants. Watering and fertilizing in such a garden should be carried out in a timely manner and with strict adherence to appropriate technologies.

Rules for choosing planting material

Gardeners who want to grow an intensive garden should first of all purchase or cut the required number of cuttings from fruit trees already on the site. Apples and pears for this purpose should be chosen the most fruitful. You also need to keep in mind that a graft for this type of garden is suitableexclusively from trees of released varieties.

In this case, the rootstock is supposed to be grown from seedlings by the direct method. Injury to the root system of trees when using other technologies will necessarily lead to a subsequent delay in fruiting.

Site preparation

The proximity of trees is one of the features of an intensive garden. Cultivation technologies in this case are therefore chosen taking into account the fact that the nutrients initially available in the soil for all plants will not be enough for normal development. Therefore, the soil on the allotment where it was decided to set up such a garden will need to be improved. According to agrotechnical standards, the site must first be fertilized with humus. At the same time, it is introduced into the soil in an amount of at least 8-10 kg/m2.

Next, holes are dug under the seedlings. The dimensions of the planting pits depend on the type of soil on the site:

• on black soil - 50x50 cm;

• on sod-podzolic, sandy or gray forest - 80x80 cm.

On chernozems, the holes in the future, immediately before planting seedlings, are simply filled with the top fertile layer of soil. On other types of land, a more nutritious composition is used. For example, holes in such areas can be filled with a mixture of fertile soil and humus in the amount of 15-20 kg.

This technology allows you to subsequently manage in the garden without additional feeding of trees for 4-5 years. Wells are prepared in the area selected for intensive cultivation, inmost times since autumn.

Stakeout technology

You can start planting an intensive garden on a suburban area both in spring and autumn. However, the best time for this procedure is still the beginning of the season. Trees are planted when such a garden is laid out according to standard technology. The stem in this case is laid on 5-6 kidneys. The rest of the seedling is cut off.

After planting, the trees must be watered abundantly. At least 2-4 buckets of water are used for each seedling.

A feature of intensive gardens, among other things, is that all the trees here have a support. This can be, for example, an individual stake 1.7-2 m high or a common trellis. In the latter case, three lines of wire are usually used.

Crown formation

Pruning of apple trees, pears, etc. planted in intensive orchards is carried out using special technologies. Many methods have been developed for crown formation in such areas. For example, in orchards of this type on vegetatively propagated rootstocks, pruning technologies such as:

• Italian, free-growing, fan-shaped, Ruzin palmette;
• Boucher-Thomas palmette;
• palmette with horizontal branches;
• spindelbush;
• slender spindle;
• pillar.

They choose the method of crown formation, mainly taking into account the variety of trees grown,their biological characteristics, as well as landing patterns. For example, for early-growing, low- and medium-sized plants, a fan palmette is often used. Ruzin palmette is used for:

• apple trees with annular type of fruiting;
• pears on undersized rootstocks.

Spindelbush best suited for:

• apple trees on medium-sized rootstocks;
• pears on quince.

The slender spindle is used for growing spur early-maturing medium-sized varieties. Pillar is used for apple trees on low-growing rootstocks with a planting pattern of 3x2 m.

What techniques can be used

When forming the crown of fruit trees in an intensive garden, operations such as:

• thinning crop;
• cutting and tweezing shoots;
• changing the slope of the branches.

Cut shortening can also be applied to a limited extent.

Most often in such gardens, a palmette scheme for the formation of tree crowns is used. In this case, all procedures are performed in spring and summer:

• before flowering shorten the conductor and thin out the crown;
• in the summer they carry out breaking, bending and tweezing.

Detailed pruning and rejuvenation in palmette gardens are started only after the growth of shoots of skeletal and semi-skeletal branches is reduced to 20-25 cm. At this time, the load of plant flower buds usually becomes excessive. And thisin turn, leads to shedding of the ovaries.

Irrigation: what you need to know

The choice of how to moisten the soil under the trees in intensive gardens depends on the following factors:

• climatic features of this particular area;
• plot relief;
• botanical features of cultivated trees;
• features of the water source.

Actually, the methods of watering such gardens themselves can be used as follows:

• along the furrows;
• on rings (used in private gardening);
• overcrown, undercrown or synchronous-pulse sprinkling;
• drip intra- or aboveground;
• aerosol.

Furrow irrigation is a technology that is easy to install and does not require serious investments. However, in intensive orchards for apple, cherry, pear, etc., this technique is rarely used. Its main disadvantage is considered to be excessive water consumption due to moistening of an unusable area.

Sprinkler irrigation is considered a fairly economical method of irrigation and is used mainly when growing fruit trees in dry regions. When applying this technique in the garden, not only the soil is moistened, but also the air.

Drip irrigation technology is considered the most economical. This technique is most often used in areas with difficult terrain with a lack of water. Aerosol irrigation in intensive gardens is used only inas an additional technology that allows you to humidify the air and clean the leaves of trees from dust. The advantage of the fine-dispersed method, in comparison with sprinkling, is that burns do not appear on the green parts of fruit trees when using it.

Soil moisture chart

The frequency of watering an intensive garden depends, of course, primarily on the climate in a particular area. The soil in such areas should be moistened stably and moderately. In the root-inhabited layer of the earth, that is, at a depth of 20-60 cm, the humidity should be constantly maintained at the level of 70-80% of the total.

In most cases, intensive plantings are watered during the season at least 2 times a month. At the same time, at least 4-6 buckets of water are spent on each tree. Aisles in such gardens are often sown with perennial grasses to conserve moisture. In most cases, plants with a superficial root system are chosen. The grass in such gardens, according to technology, is supposed to be watered at the same time as the trees.

Tree feeding

Get a good harvest in an intensive garden, of course, also only if fertilizers are applied to the soil in a timely manner. In most cases, various kinds of mineral substances necessary for plants in such areas are introduced into the soil simultaneously with irrigation. Also in gardens of this type, of course, foliar top dressing is also used.

In the first case, as a fertilizer, you can use, for example, the universal remedy "Crystal". For foliar top dressing in intensive gardens, the drug is often usedAlbatross.

In amateur gardening conditions, the soil in such areas is often fertilized with compost. For autumn or spring digging, this type of top dressing is mixed with phosphorus and potassium. In this case, the proportions are used as follows (for 1 m2 landings):

• compost - 5-10 kg;
• phosphorus - 5-10 g;
• potassium - 5-10g

During the growing season, in this case, 4.5-6 g of nitrogen per 1 m2 are also applied to the soil 2 under the root. Top dressing is carried out using this fertilizer 4, 8 and 12 weeks after the swelling of the kidneys. This type of top dressing is usually first scattered superficially. Further, the fertilizer is embedded in the soil when digging or loosening.

Pollination

In large farms, insects can also be used to increase yields in intensive orchards. It can be, for example, bumblebees. Hives with these insects in such plantings are usually installed approximately one per 1 ha. The advantage of bumblebees over bees is, first of all, that they can fly in both cold and windy weather. In addition, such insects never fly far from the hives. The radius of their "walks" usually does not exceed 150 m. That is, bumblebees, unlike bees, usually do not leave the garden at all.

Very often, osmiums are also used for pollination of apple and pear trees grown according to intensive technology. The advantage of these insects is that it is not difficult to breed them yourself.

Correct variety selection

Of course, timely watering and feeding the trees in an intensive garden is very important. However, the yield of such a site is even more dependent on the correct choice of variety. The fruits of apple trees, best suited for growing in this type of orchard, usually have a very bright skin. At the same time, they also have a presentable presentation.

It is believed that the greatest return from an intensive apple orchard can be obtained by planting trees, for example, varieties such as:

• Gold excellent.
• Sarkrimson.
• Wagner.
• Goldspur.

You can also choose varieties for such a plot:

• Legend (winter).
• Arkadic (summer).
• Zhiguli Spur.

Pears for intensive orchards are also suitable with beautiful, neat fruit. These can be, for example, varieties such as:

• Eureka.
• Vettel.
• Abbot.
• Amphora.
• Erika.

What other fruit trees can be grown using intensive technology

Cultivated in such orchards mainly only pears and apple trees. However, this technology, of course, can grow other fruit crops. For example, if the groundwater on the site comes too close to the surface of the earth, plum trees can be selected for intensive cultivation. Apple and pear trees on such a plot to grow and bear fruit, tounfortunately, will be bad.

Also, cherries and sweet cherries are often grown using this method. An intensive garden with such crops, however, can only be planted in areas with loose and light soil. On heavy soils, it will not be possible to achieve good results in terms of yield from these crops using this growing technology.

Another fruit plant suitable for cultivation by this method are nuts. In this case, the laying of intensive orchards is made exclusively from varietal grafted seedlings. Walnut trees themselves, even when using intensive technology, are planted at a fairly large distance from each other.

In warm regions, peaches can also be grown using this method. Such a garden, however, is recommended only for people who have extensive experience in the cultivation of fruit crops. Maintaining peach trees in intensive orchards is difficult.