2024 Author: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Last modified: 2024-01-02 13:48
Oil is a natural hydrocarbon, which is an excellent raw material for obtaining a huge number of various organic compounds. Consider the main petrochemical products that are currently needed for various industries.
Petrochemistry is a huge industry that is inextricably linked with all industries: mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, production of various polymeric materials.
Soot, carbon black, motor oils, gasoline, kerosene, gas oil - this is not a complete list of products obtained from industrial oil refining. The growth in the scale of production of chemical products is due to the modernization of existing industries, the emergence of new technologies in construction.
Petrochemical products are all compounds that are obtained during the physical or chemical processing of gas and oil. The active use of these minerals began on an industrial scale from the middle of the twentieth century. They came to replace coal, wood. Currently, petrochemicalsused in the production of drugs, solvents, plastics, insecticides, dyes, textiles, detergents, rubber.
Ether oil
Often referred to as gasoline. What is the formula for ether? Its chemical composition is C7H7BrMg. Petroleum ether is a light gasoline that is a good solvent. As part of bitumen, this substance is used to precipitate asph altenes.
Synthetic rubbers
This is a high polymer product, which consists of a mixture of hydrocarbons, sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine. Rubber is able to pass during vulcanization into rubber - a product of high elasticity, which retains its properties during temperature fluctuations.
What petrochemical processes are used to produce it? By hydration of ethylene, ethanol (ethyl alcohol) is obtained. It is evaporated in hermetically sealed vessels. Under the influence of high temperatures and a catalyst, ethanol is split to butadiene. The diene hydrocarbon is purified, subjected to catalytic polymerization, forming raw rubber. Under reduced pressure, it is processed in mixers, rolled. The resulting petrochemical products are sent to rubber factories.
Plastics
When ethylene reacts with chlorine, a white powder is obtained - polyvinyl chloride resin. When it is further chemically processed, vinyl plastic, a crystalline solid, is obtained. Such petrochemical products are non-flammable, odorless, do not dissolve in alkalis and acids, and are resistant toconcentrated nitric acid.
Vinyl plastic is machined, welded with a jet of air, used for the manufacture of pipes, electrical insulating material, valves, hoses. This material is the basis of foam plastics, foam plastics with high heat-insulating and sound-proofing characteristics. It is in demand in technology, medicine, agriculture, and everyday life.
Polymer compounds
Ethylene, propylene are hydrocarbons that are monomers for the manufacture of polymers. With high-molecular polymerization of ethylene, high-pressure or low-pressure polyethylene is obtained. The catalyst for the process is oxygen.
Such petrochemical products have valuable properties: lightness, flexibility, dielectric and mechanical properties, high chemical resistance, water tightness. Polyethylene pipes are used for irrigation facilities, water pipes, pumping products at chemical plants. Due to their good thermal insulation properties, they do not burst even when water freezes, and there are no lime deposits on the walls.
Teflon
This compound is also a petrochemical product. Tetrachlorethylene is produced by the polymerization of monomers containing two fluorine atoms. Teflon is resistant to acids, alkalis, it dissolves only in metallic sodium. This material is in demand in industry, medicine. For example, valves, pipes, hoses, various gaskets are made from it.
Synthetic fibers
BCurrently, the most popular materials are considered: lavsan, kapron, anid, nitron. Caprolactam acts as a feedstock for the production of, for example, nylon. It is melted and subjected to polymerization, obtaining nylon resin. Squeezed out by nitrogen from the apparatus, the resin solidifies, crushed, used to produce fiber.
Lavsan is produced from paraxylene obtained during the processing of the gasoline fraction isolated from oil. This fiber has high strength, resistance to abrasion, temperature extremes. It is used to make quality fabrics for coats.
Detergents
If earlier solid soap was used as the only detergent, now there is a huge variety of synthetic detergents: liquids, powders. They have excellent washing power, suitable for water of any hardness.
Fatty synthetic acids extracted from oil act as the starting material for their production. Important products that are in demand during the production of detergents are alkyl sulfates and sulfanol, which are formed during the sulfonation of higher fatty alcohols. The formula of the ether formed in this case depends on the initial alcohol taken. Alcohols themselves are obtained both by direct oxidation of paraffin and by hydrogenation of fatty acids.
Summarize
Among the main classes of substances that are emitted from natural gasor by-products, hydrocarbons, naphthenic acids, sulfur compounds are of interest. Hydrocarbons are the main source for the production of chemical compounds. From methane, which is the basis of the gas, a variety of organic derivatives are isolated, as well as hydrogen for the synthesis of ammonia. Butane, propane, ethane are converted into unsaturated hydrocarbons for their subsequent chemical processing. Olefins and paraffins are found in gases that are formed during oil refining.
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