Aircraft device for dummies. Aircraft device diagram

2024 Author: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-17 10:16

Few people know how an airplane works. Most don't care at all. The main thing is that it flies, and the principle of the device is of little interest. But there are people who cannot understand how such a huge iron machine rises into the air and rushes at great speed. Let's try to figure it out.

Main Parts

Any modern airliner consists of the following parts:

1. fuselage;
2. wings;
3. power plants (engines);
4. plumage;
5. take-off and landing gear;
6. control systems.

Each of the parts takes part in the flight process of the liner. In addition to these main parts, there are thousands of different systems responsible for management, safety, creating normal conditions for passengers and crew members, etc.

Basic Principle

In theory, there is nothing complicated in the device of the aircraft, thanks to which it takes off into the air. The main element of the liner is its engines, which provide great thrust, allowingaccelerate the car to high speeds. It is due to the high speed that the plane takes off. So, two engines accelerate the car on the runway, which is why the plane picks up high speed. Then the flaps on the wings are lowered. They perceive a large load of oncoming air, which causes a large lifting force, which lifts the liner off the ground.

That is, two engines accelerate the plane, flaps on the wings allow you to change the thrust vector and direct the liner up. This is how, in a nutshell, you can describe the device of an airplane for dummies.

Fuselage

And now let's look at the main structural parts of the liner. Let's start with the fuselage.

The fuselage is a body that consists of different parts. It accommodates passengers, crew, there is a luggage compartment where things are folded. The fuselage is a fairly complex system that must be strong and sealed. If its skin is destroyed in flight, then this can lead to human casu alties, therefore, much attention is paid to ensuring the tightness of the fuselage when designing the vessel. Generally speaking, this is a sealed "box" where passengers, equipment, and cargo are located. It is this one that needs to be moved from point "A" to point "B".

Wings

Wings or wing (often there is only one wing in aircraft, which is mistaken for two) - an aircraft device that provides aerodynamic stabilityliner and allows them to control. The wings also provide aerodynamic lift.

The principle of their action is based on Newton's third law: air particles collide with the lower surface of the wing, bounce down, while pushing the wing up. Together with him, the plane itself goes up. The flaps (empennage) of the wings allow you to regulate the lifting force. The angle of their elevation changes the pilot from the cockpit.

Tail

Plumage is only on the wings, but also on the tail. Technically, the tail is the keel and stabilizer. The latter has two consoles, thanks to which the pilot can maintain or change the current altitude of the vessel under different atmospheric conditions.

The keel on the tail is responsible for maintaining the straight direction of the vessel. If the pilot needs to turn the plane a little, he will use the keel.

Chassis

The device of a passenger aircraft also includes a landing gear - a landing gear. In fact, this is just a wheelbase, which allows the aircraft to accelerate during takeoff and not fall apart during landing. Of course, the landing gear is not just wheels, but rather a complex mechanism that must take on enormous loads when landing an aircraft. Also, this element has a cleaning / opening mechanism. Retract landing gear after takeoff to reduce air resistance.

Engines

One of the most difficulttechnical and technological terms of the elements is the engine. Most often, two or three power plants are used in aircraft. The principle of operation of a jet engine is extremely complex, so it is impossible to explain it. It is necessary to devote a whole course of lectures to this. But in a nutshell, his work looks like this: aviation kerosene in the wings of an aircraft (most often the fuel is in them) is fed to power plants (engines), where it is mixed with air and at the same time enriched with oxygen, ignited. In this case, energy is released in large quantities, which pushes the plane.

Each engine has tremendous power. In theory, even one power plant is enough to make the plane fly, and the presence of two or three engines at once is due in part to safety considerations. There are many cases in the world when one of the two engines failed, and the pilots landed the plane with just one of them without any problems.

Conclusion

In short, the layout of the aircraft is simple: the engines push the aircraft, the wings change the thrust vector and create lift. As a result, the car rises into the air and flies. When it is necessary to descend for landing, the pilot slows down the engine speed and slightly changes the lift vector with the help of flaps and a stabilizer on the wing. When approaching the ground, the pilot activates the landing gear and the aircraft successfully touches the runway pavement.

All this sounds very simple, but in fact the technical device of the aircraft is much more complicated. Engineers are faced with tasks of high complexity,because in order to safely lift and land such a machine, it is necessary to carry out serious calculations and ensure the operation of all systems, including safety and life support systems.

In total, thousands of systems are implemented in the aircraft, each of which is calculated to the smallest detail, and it would take a very long time to list them all. For example, the vessel has an oxygen mask dropping system that is automatically triggered in case of depressurization. Mechanisms for extinguishing engines in case of fire, interior heating devices, orientation in space, etc. Modern liners are equipped with smart software that can even bring the liner out of the so-called "corkscrew" - a situation in which control is partially lost.

It is almost impossible to disassemble all this in a small article, but the general structure of the aircraft is now, perhaps, understandable.