The device of the vessel. General arrangement of courts and their main elements

2024 Author: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-17 10:16

The construction of a vessel is a responsible task facing the workers of the navy. They must fully ensure cargo and passenger flows. All tasks can be effectively solved only with the help of a qualitative improvement of the fleet. You can improve old ships or build modern models.

What ships are there?

Today there is a wide variety of ships that have different types. This is due to the fact that they were intended for different purposes, as well as the conditions for their further operation. That is why specialists are faced with such tasks as the specialization of ship design, organization of construction and repair, the introduction of new standardization, planning for further transportation, as well as performing a comparative economic calculation. Ship models can be classified according to the following criteria:

• By type of vehicle, non-self-propelled and self-propelled are distinguished.
• Method of movement - ships that float above the water with an air cushion, as well as on the surface of the water. There are devices that can easily move under water - these are underwaterships.
• Case condition. Among the huge assortment are models that have a rigid, elastic and inflatable body.
• Main body material. During production, steel, light metal alloys, plastics, wood, reinforced concrete structures, elastic or composite materials can be used.
• Sailing area. Distinguish between offshore and coastal navigation.
• The type of the main power plant. Ship models include such a device because it helps propel it. You can select a steamer that has a reciprocating or turbine steam plant. Motor ships are equipped with an internal combustion engine.

Civil ships

Ships that have a civilian purpose, are presented in the form of transport or fishing vessels. They were created to maximize the maintenance of peaceful ties between different states. These sea vessels provide foreign trade, business and cultural relations, help to extract products from the sea, as well as process them. They are equipped with special equipment for the transport of industrial goods or foodstuffs. Civil ships are equipped with various additional devices, which depend on their further purpose:

1. Transport or merchant ship. They can carry passengers or a small amount of urgent cargo - this is mail, parcels, luggage and much more. Transport ships of the liner can make regular voyages betweenmultiple ports. They are also called liners. A cargo ship is carrying cargo on an indeterminate line, can sail in any direction.
2. Fishing vessel. With the help of this design, it is possible to extract products from the sea, that is, to catch fish, marine animals, algae. The fishing boat allows people to process products from the sea into semi-finished products or any other finished product. It also transports her to a floating or shore base.
3. Research vessels. They are designed to carry out scientific and research work on the high seas or ocean. This includes specially equipped and adapted underwater or surface vessels.
4. Training vessel. It serves for employees who perform swimming practice. Often used by people who study in special educational institutions. These sea vessels are necessarily equipped with laboratories, classrooms, as well as classrooms where you can perform practical development of issues.

What shape ships should have

Each type of vessel has a corresponding hull shape, which depends on a large number of factors. This includes the main purpose of the vessel, the conditions for its further operation, speed, quality and many other parameters. The ship's hull is an elongated body that has curved surfaces. It is they who help create a streamlined shape that will reduce the resistance of water and air during the movement of the structure.

FrontThe vessel is called bow and is built taking into account the established rules of ship construction drawing. In order for a ship that is sailing on a rough water surface not to go inside the wave, all sides of the hull must be slightly expanded in height. Special attention is paid to the propellers and rudder, which should provide the best working conditions.

The basic principle of creating a theoretical drawing

Before starting to build a theoretical drawing, the designer must imagine the intersection of the lines of the hull. It is necessary to use auxiliary, parallel, diametrical and main planes. The section lines should form the frame of the hull, which will give a clear and maximum idea of the shape of the structure. The resulting projection includes the sides, breadth and main body.

The projection of the hull section has the form of straight lines that will form a grid of the theoretical drawing. When a person builds this grid, the constructive waterlines must be divided into twenty equal parts. They mean spaces, and with the help of division, theoretical frames can be drawn. The design of the vessel is quite complex, so only qualified specialists should work on the design.

Numbering is done by moving lines from bow to stern. When the original theoretical drawing is ready, you need to remove all the resulting coordinates of the intersection points of the curved lines and the grid. They are good for translation.drawing scale to actual dimensions. All data obtained must be recorded in a specially designed journal, which includes tables of space ordinates. In the future, they are used at shipyards, as well as special workshops. Here, specialists have a floor in the form of a drawing board, which is called a plaza. It is presented in full size and broken down according to a theoretical drawing. During ship construction, all templates and dimensions are removed from the plaza in order to make ship hull parts.

What accessories do fishing boats have?

Industrial vessels are used to harvest fish, seals, whales, walruses, and many other living resources from the sea. The fishing vessel occupies a third of the world's civilian fleet. The following types of fishing vessels equipped with special devices can be distinguished:

• Seiner is a design with which you can fish using a seine. The catch is carried out using a cargo arrow.
• Trawler. It is a vessel unique in its design, which helps to carry out fishing using a trawl - this is a net presented in the form of a large bag.
• Drifter. Today, this ship is in special demand, because it allows you to fish while drifting. Equipped with a flat mesh.
• Floating fish canning plants and bases. The presented designs go out to the open sea and are engaged in the processing of fish directly into canned food. There are nets, trawls, processing and refrigerationequipment.
• Whaling ships. They are used for the most effective whale hunting. In most cases, they go to sea in whole groups, as well as fleets. These ships are equipped with large and reliable nets that can withstand a lot of weight.
• Shalanda. The presented designs are fishing with a net. They go to the Black and Caspian Sea and run on diesel fuel.

Features of a warship

Today you can meet different ships and ships. But among such a wide variety, military designs are presented that belong to the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. They are necessarily painted with external signs that distinguish such ships from civilian ones. Among the command staff there must be an officer who is in the service of the Russian government. The surname and name of the officer must be present in the list of military personnel.

Military vessel includes military equipment and gear. The structure of the presented ships is distinguished by the presence of military equipment. It will be activated in case of an attack on the protected area.

Design of transport ships

Sea transport is considered the most profitable and in demand. It will help to transfer cargo in intercontinental communications. The transport vessel has the main specialization - it is the transportation of large consignments of goods. This includes oversized, bulk, and bulk cargo. When it comes to food, during transportation must be observeda certain temperature and no vibration.

The most common vessels that are equipped with additional devices can be distinguished:

• Dry cargo ships can carry a wide range of products. To carry out the transportation of meat and fish products, vegetables and fruits, these ships are additionally equipped with a refrigeration unit.
• Tankers are designed to carry cargo that has a liquid or gaseous state. Enterprises and factories can be engaged in the transportation of petroleum products, chemical products, fertilizers, as well as liquefied gas. There is a compartment for transporting especially dangerous goods.
• Container ships. They can carry containers such as containers. These ships are equipped with the necessary navigational equipment. It will help to place, attach and control the fastening of the cargo during its transportation. The device of the vessel has the necessary additional beams and ceilings for reliability.
• Bulker carriers will help transport bulk and bulk cargo such as grain, ore, and coal.
• Ro-ro ships are special purpose ships. They are widely used for horizontal or mixed loading of goods.
• Ferries transport equipment by coasting. The main difference is the transportation of passengers, wheeled vehicles, as well as wagons for the railway.

Small boats: device

During the construction of ship structures, special attention is paid. The body is the main part of any modernvessel, it includes plating and decking. It is these components that are able to give the vessel the necessary shape and at the same time provide such indicators as strength, water tightness and rigidity of the vessel. It is these functions that determine the structure of a small vessel.

A set is a certain load-bearing structure, which consists of joints of longitudinal and transverse braces or beams. When they are interconnected, a finished frame is obtained. It serves as a support contour, which is intended for sheets of outer skin, deck. The frame determines the further stability and rigidity of the vessel.

There are several systems for hull kits. Their classification depends on the direction of the main beam:

• Side.
• Longitudinal.
• Longitudinal-transverse.

Which recruiting system is used to build a small boat?

During the construction of a small vessel, an exclusively transverse beam framing system is used. Specialists use frames, floors along the bottom, as well as beams below deck. The number of stringers used during the transverse framing system is small. They are used for cross-linking. The total number of beams does not exceed five pieces, and this includes vertical keels and stringers.

The set of the bottom of the ship includes intersecting longitudinal and transverse braces. At the ends of the ship there should be a keel, which is connected to the stems. To several times reduce the scope of the ship duringrolling time, it is necessary to attach a side keel. It can have a variety of designs and serve as a longitudinal connection. In most cases, it does not go beyond the generally accepted dimensions of the case in its width.

Steering gear

No maritime transport can exist without governance. The steering gear of ships is a set of important mechanisms, as well as devices that keep the ship afloat. Such a device includes a steering machine, sector, screw or hydraulic drives. Today, there are designs that have a main and manual steering.

The device of the vessel, and the steering in particular, must meet the following requirements:

• The maximum allowable rudder angle is no more than 35 degrees. For ships of the river fleet, this value can be 45 degrees.
• Duration of rudder shift from ships cannot exceed 28 seconds.
• Each steering gear must fully ensure the reliable and correct operation of the steering gear during the ship's motion.