Sale of fixed assets: postings. Accounting for fixed assets

2024 Author: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Last modified: 2024-01-17 18:37

Material base, technical equipment of any enterprise depends on the structure of the main assets. They are an integral part of the production process, they are used in the implementation of all types of economic activity: the provision of services, the performance of work. The use of BPF with maximum efficiency is possible with proper planning of their operation and timely modernization. For a comprehensive analysis of this asset, it is necessary to correctly reflect transactions with the property of the enterprise in all types of accounting.

Non-current assets

The first section of the main reporting document (balance sheet) contains information on the presence of intangible and fixed assets at the enterprise. This type of assets is the least liquid and expensive, so its analysis is important for investment processes and capital investments. Fixed assets are characterized by a long service life, its minimum value is 12 months. During the production process, assets do not change their initial physical form, the cost is transferred to the finished product in parts in the form of depreciation amounts. Fixed assets of the company have several types of sources of income.

1. Purchase.
2. Capital construction.
3. Received at no cost.
4. Received from the founder (owner) as a contribution to the authorized (share) capital.
5. Transfer from parent organization to subsidiaries.
6. Modernization of an existing facility.
7. Purchase by barter.

During the production process, each object loses some of its physical and operational properties, equipment becomes obsolete over time. Timely updating of non-current assets is carried out at the expense of own, borrowed, depreciation funds of the enterprise. Individual units, obsolete or worn out, the organization may liquidate or start a process such as the sale of fixed assets. Postings and accurately filled accounting registers in this case are of great importance. They influence the formation of the active part of the balance sheet and the taxation of the enterprise.

Structure

The composition of fixed assets depends on the type of main or additional activity of the organization. The structure of non-current assets should be optimal for production needs. With the diversion of part of the capitalenterprises on non-functioning fixed assets may be financially unstable due to a lack of money supply. For accounting purposes, the following classification of production assets is used.

1. Facilities (including transport lines).
2. Buildings (household, industrial and administrative purposes).
3. Machinery and equipment (machines, production lines, etc.).
4. Transportation (cars for various purposes).
5. Transmission devices (communications, power lines).
6. Computer equipment and office equipment.
7. Tools, household inventory (industrial and non-industrial purposes).
8. Perennial plantations.
9. Animals (productive livestock).
10. Other objects that meet the requirements of the legislation and the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

There are several ways of estimating the value of fixed assets, at which they are reflected in accordance with the transaction. Each type is determined by calculation and reflected in the accounting registers. The balance sheet includes the initial cost, which is calculated as the sum of the costs of purchasing, installing, and delivering the asset. It changes in the process of participation of a non-current asset in production and in connection with a decrease in the service life. Such a cost is called residual, it is calculated as the difference between the value of the original price (at which it is due) and the amount of accrued depreciation. Used in the process of write-off (liquidation), without itsale of fixed assets is not possible. Postings in this case are made with the participation of an additional analytical account. The replacement cost appears in the registers when the asset is revalued or upgraded.

Accounting

PBU 6/01 regulates the procedure for monitoring, movement, evaluation and documentation of the asset "Fixed assets". Account 01 is intended for grouping information on the state of non-current assets. It is balanced, synthetic, active. As necessary and in accordance with the provisions of the adopted accounting policy of the company and on the basis of the tax legislation of the Russian Federation, analytical registers are opened for it, designed to detail the data. The account has an opening balance and a debit ending balance, it is reflected in the balance sheet of the enterprise as a valuation of the availability of fixed assets. Receipt, appreciation of the asset is recorded in the debit, the credit of the account shows the disposal.

The movement of the main non-current assets is reflected in account 01 if there is an approved unified form of the corresponding document. This register always has a balance, except for the liquidation of a company, as a result of which all assets are sold or written off.

Documents

The main production assets purchased from the supplier for a fee or under an exchange agreement are credited on the basis of the supplier's invoice and TTN to account 08. At the same time, all costs associated with fine-tuning the object (assembly, installation, revision, preparation for work) are summarized by the debit of the specifiedaccounts. When registering, the full cost is transferred from credit 08 to account 01. This fact is documented by the execution of an act in the OS / 1 form and an inventory card of the OS / 6 object is drawn up. In the future, all transactions related to this unit of non-current assets will be reflected in this register, on the basis of which analytical accounting is maintained. Inventory cards, in turn, are registered in the inventory, form OS / 10. When transferring a unit of OS to workshops for repair or modernization, OS / 3 is applied, drawing up an act on the liquidation of an asset - OS / 4, dismantling a piece of equipment or putting it into operation is drawn up in the OS / 5 form. The distribution of assets among the workshops of the enterprise with the obligatory indication of those responsible for operation is recorded in the inventory list OS / 13.

Table of accounting entries for posting fixed assets

	Debit	Credit	Business transaction (content)
1	08	60	Received OS from suppliers.
2	08	76, 23, 60	The amount of costs for the installation of equipment received by the contractor, supplier, auxiliary shops.
3	01	08	Receipt of fixed assets at original cost.
4	60, 76	51, 55, 52	Amount owed to OS providers transferred.
5	19	60, 76	VAT paid.
6	91/2	76, 60	Negative differences (exchange rate) when buying fixed assets for foreign currency.

Depreciation

In the process of production, operation, non-current assets wear out, lose some of their operational properties or become obsolete. Depreciation deductions (amounts) are the estimated part of the cost of the fixed asset, which is included in the cost of finished products on a monthly basis. Depending on the type of asset, the enterprise independently determines the period of its operation (effective) and the method of calculating the amount of depreciation. The calculation process starts from the month following the date of registration (posting). The depreciation of fixed assets can be calculated according to the algorithm of the presented methods.

1. Linear.
2. Productive.
3. Sums of numbers of years.
4. Decreasing balance.
5. Nonlinear.

Depreciation deductions stop from the first day of the next month after the date of its liquidation, write-off or when starting a process such as the sale of fixed assets. Postings, documents, financial result for these cases will be different, but the procedure for calculating the residual value is the same. Foraccount 02 is intended for accounting for depreciation. Passive, synthetic, is not reflected in the balance sheet, the values of accrued depreciation are summed up on the credit, and they are written off on the debit. The balance (balance) at the beginning and end of the period is reflected in the right side of the account (credit). Fixed assets are used for a long time. This is one of their features. Depreciation of fixed assets is charged on a monthly basis, and it is reflected in the corresponding calculation account, depending on the direction of use of the object.

Transactions when calculating depreciation amounts

	Debit	Credit	Operation
1	20	02	Depreciation accrued on assets used in primary production.
2	23	02	Accessories.
3	25	02	Depreciation of fixed assets in the structure of ODA, OHR.
4	29	02	Depreciation of fixed assets used in service industries.
5	91/2	02	Depreciation of leased fixed assets.
6	02	01	Decommissioneddepreciation charges.

Analytical (detailed) accounting is kept for each unit of fixed assets separately.

Implementation

Non-current assets have a high value when purchased; require large capital investments. The structure of production activities may change in accordance with market conditions. This causes equipment downtime, a change in the main (registered) type of activity, the most difficult thing in this case is for the enterprise to compensate for its capital investments. Also, fixed assets can be sold during the modernization of production or exchanged for another object of non-current funds. All actions with depreciable property are carried out on the basis of an order (order) of the head of the organization. The unit is inventoried, its residual value is calculated (the initial value is the amount of depreciation accrued for the entire period of operation), a special analytical account is opened, after which the fixed assets are sold.

Wiring

	Debit	Credit	Buch. operation
1	76, 62	91/1	Invoice issued to the buyer.
2	01/09 (p)	01	Recorded on the disposal account the initial cost of the item of fixed assets.
3	02	01/09 (c)	The amount of accrued depreciation has been written off.
4	91/2	01/09	The amount of the residual value is reflected.
5	91/2	23, 29, 60, 70, 10	Reflected the cost of the implementation of the object (dismantling, transportation, repair by a third organization or its own support units)
6	91/2	68	VAT has been set for the object being sold.
7	50, 51, 55, 52	62	Payment received from buyer of asset.

Each organization is guided by the provisions of its own accounting policy for opening an analytical register for the sale of the asset "Fixed assets". Account 01 serves to summarize information on all accounting objects. Its total value in the balance sheet is not deciphered, therefore, in the process of disposal (realization), the subaccount may have the number 01/03 or 01/09. A prerequisite for taxation is the completion of all relevant documents: the act of acceptance and transfer of the asset (OS/01), appropriate changes are made to the inventory card (OS/06). The documents signed by the head are transferred to the accounting department of the enterprise, on their basissale of fixed assets. Accounting entries are formed and reflected in the relevant registers. The cost of selling an object of non-current assets is fixed in the contract. The result of the sale may be profit or loss, which is reflected in account 91/2 in correspondence with 99.

Automation

Modern programs for maintaining all types of accounting, including accounting, greatly simplify the process of filling in all registers. Automation allows not only to avoid many errors, but also to generate the necessary document in a short time. At the same time, the data required for filling in the relevant details are entered into the program. A large amount of paper work is reduced, the depreciation process occurs automatically according to the specified parameters. Fixed assets of the organization are considered the most voluminous asset in terms of accounting, so the use of modern optimization methods is necessary.