2024 Author: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-17 10:16
Soil as the main source of plant nutrition needs versatile care and maintaining the balance of agrotechnical indicators of the fertile layer. Along with mechanical processing, fertilizers and ameliorants are actively used in solving such problems. Chemical reclamation is engaged in comprehensive ways to improve the nutrition of agricultural vegetation, studying not only the technological parameters of the use of energy additives, but also the environmental aspects of third-party effects on the soil cover.
Basic concepts of land reclamation
In Latin, "amelioration" means improvement. But in relation to the agricultural industry, it should also be understood as a well-defined set of technical and organizational measures aimed at improving the efficiency of crop rotation by stimulating favorablesoil conditions. The very nature of the impact on the fertile layer can be different, which determines the basic division of land reclamation into types, depending on the methods of increasing land productivity. Along with the chemical methods of reclamation, technical and hydrotechnical methods are also used to improve the water-physical properties of the soil. However, only chemical methods can radically improve the condition of the fertile layer in a wide range of indicators, which is also reflected in the yield figures. But the chemical approach to land reclamation is also heterogeneous. At the basic level, s alt-enrichment and acid-regulating measures are distinguished, which regulate the nutrient content of the soil layer in different ways.
Melioration in the plant nutrition system
The process of energy supply of vegetation is a complex physical and chemical problem, during the solution of which the formation and transformation of organic substances occurs. In this context, chemical reclamation should be understood as one of the ways to regulate the balance of useful elements in the soil-plant cycle. By point changing the individual parameters of this interaction, taking into account the peculiarities of growing specific plants and soil characteristics, agricultural techniques increase the productivity of the cultivated area. However, it is possible to achieve a tangible result only with the systematic use of chemicals in the framework of the application of intensive farming technologies. Specifically, the methods of melioration are expressed in providingmineral nutrition as a regulatory basis, but are not limited to this. An integrated approach also requires taking into account other factors affecting the growth and development of plants - including the balance of humidity, light and heat.
Soil liming
One of the melioration methods, which, however, has many limitations and is recommended for use only in certain crop rotation conditions. What soils require liming? This procedure is carried out on acidic soils, which are also subjected to intensive cultivation for cereal varieties of plants. At the same time, on strongly acidic soils, melioration of this type can also be considered as a factor in protecting the environment, which is due to a decrease in the anthropogenic load on nature. From a technological aspect, liming acts as a means of compensating for the loss of magnesium and calcium in the composition of the soil in order to prevent acidification and deterioration of the nutrient regime of plants.
This technology is used not only by large agricultural enterprises, but also by small farmers and summer residents. Experts recommend improving the balance of acidity in the area by adding slaked lime fluff, which is obtained by processing chalk and limestone. The introduction of this filler is carried out in autumn or spring in the process of digging. This procedure is repeated every few years.
Gypsum reclamation
Even on acidic soils, the liming operation does not always justify itself, not to mention the fact that plants are far fromin all cases, a slightly acidic reaction from the nutrient medium is required. In areas dominated by alkaline and neutral soil environments, gypsum is used instead of liming. In Russia, this approach is successfully used in Western Siberia and Kazakhstan. In conditions of sharp alkalization, it is necessary to add organic fertilizers, and already as a radical way to stimulate the properties of the nutrient medium, chemical reclamation by gypsum is used. The effect achieved in this way is expressed in the formation of neutral sodium sulfate, which, with a relatively small content in the soil, does not harm plants. With balanced irrigation, sodium residues can be removed. For crops that are sensitive to the balance of calcium in the mineral base of the soil, gypsum increases yields several times.
Features of melioration on solonetzic soils
The presence of solonetz spots on the surfaces of arable lands indicates the degradation of the fertile layer and necessitates the use of special restoration measures. Among them are chemical methods of reclamation, which are superior to the agrobiological approach to solving the problem of the distribution of solonetzes. This is due to the fact that calcium s alts are usually not enough for self-reclamation, which requires the connection of special means of chemical regulation. In addition, alternative types of reclamation, such as complex and hydrotechnical methods, turn out to be ineffective in conditions of high soil moisture, since the derivative products of their reactions are quickly washed out. WhatAs for the chemical approach to reclamation, in this case it is a set of measures to regulate the alkalinity and alkalinity of the soil by changing the concentration of magnesium and sodium. But this group of methods is also implemented in different ways.
Reclamation of solonetzes with calcium and phosphorus
Calcium application is one of the most effective and cost-effective ways to regulate soil solonets. Industrial waste and natural deposits with calcium content are used as the starting material. Phosphoric acid based phosphogypsum is also used. Studies show that the importance of chemical soil reclamation with calcium and phosphorus-containing materials is decisive in terms of maintaining the productivity of the fertile layer. Already the next year after the introduction of active raw materials, a change in the water-physical properties of the earth occurs. In particular, the efficiency of drainage increases, the characteristic soil crust disappears and the structure of the cover improves in general.
Reclamation of solonetzes with organic-mineral composts
In part, this approach can be called complex, since it uses a combination of calcium, acid-containing, phosphorus and fertilizer substances. These and other components are included in manure compost and are used to improve the nutritional regime of the soil against the backdrop of a general fight against solonets. In practice, it turned out that chemical reclamation with organomineral composts creates favorable conditions forimprovement of the humus state of the fertile layer. For example, the coefficient of calcium humic acids increases by about 1.3 times, and the content of mobile substances that disturb the nutritional balance decreases by 25%.
Conclusion
Without a melioration system properly selected for specific conditions in modern conditions of intensive soil cultivation, it is also impossible to obtain regular rich harvests. To determine the methods and technologies that will solve the current problems of land reclamation, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive study. Even at the household level, today it is possible to analyze the condition of the soil with a device for measuring acidity with the removal of pH, humidity and light readings. These and other data make it possible to precisely select the formulations of organic and mineral additives introduced, adjusted for the requirements of the crops grown. If we talk about the final effect, then the benefits of land reclamation will be long-term due to the active impact on the granulometric composition of the fertile layer.
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