Appointment and arrangement of passenger cars

2024 Author: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Last modified: 2024-01-07 20:55

All wagons operated by Russian Railways are divided into several classes: special, freight, passenger. The latter type of rolling stock, in turn, can be self-propelled and non-self-propelled. The first group includes cars of diesel trains and electric sections. Such rolling stock units are not used very often in Russia. Basically, ordinary non-self-propelled passenger cars run on the railways of our country, of course. They have a fairly simple device, as they move on a locomotive traction.

Classification by purpose

Non-self-propelled railway cars, in turn, can be divided into groups depending on the distance. Their varieties on this basis exist as follows:

• compartment;
• reserved seat;
• sitting.

The first two types of cars are used in long-distance trains. The third variety is designed for cruising over relatively short distances.

What are compartment cars

Such rolling stock, in turn, is classified into:

• soft wagons;
• hard;
• international.

Inside the carriages of this type, compartments are provided, closed by sliding doors from the side of the corridor. It is worth a trip to them more than in the reserved seat or seated.

Soft wagons belong to the highest category. They provide for nine 2-seater compartments. That is, they are designed for 18 people. A feature of this type of carriages, in comparison with others, is the absence of upper shelves.

Rigid compartment cars are designed to carry 36 passengers. They also provide 2 places for conductors. Compartments in such cars are equipped with two transverse sofas and two folding shelves.

International carriages of this variety are of I and II categories. The first type of rolling stock is designed to carry 22 people. That is, it is equipped with 11 compartments for 2 passengers. Second class carriages are designed to carry 33 passengers. They also provide compartments for 11, but for 3 people.

Platzkart cars

This type of rolling stock is designed to carry 54 passengers and two conductors. Each open compartment of a reserved seat car provides space for 6 passengers. Two sofas and 2 shelves in them are located transversely. Also in such "compartments" 2 longitudinal side places are provided.

Sit cars

Such rolling stockused by Russian Railways to transport passengers over a distance of 150 to 700 km and is considered interregional. Wagons of this variety are designed for 62 seats. Armchairs in them can be installed hard or soft. There are no special amenities in the cars of this type for Russian Railways customers.

How passenger comfort is ensured

The carriages of long-distance trains are provided, among other things:

• lockers for luggage under the lower shelves;
• newspaper holders;
• pants holders;
• hanger hooks;
• folding handrails on the second shelves to prevent passengers from falling;
• folding tables;
• ceiling lighting.

For luggage storage in second-class carriages, third shelves located above the second ones are additionally provided. In compartments, things can be folded into a niche equipped above the ceiling of the corridor.

Tables in long-distance carriages are located between two transverse sofas. In reserved seats, the lower side sofa has a special design. In the daytime, its middle part extends, turns over and forms a table. For the convenience of passengers who have bought a ticket for the upper shelves, long-distance carriages, among other things, are provided with lifting ladders or a step.

Seating cars of Russian Railways are mainly equipped with seats only. There is usually only one toilet in such trains - in the head of the train. Recently, on the railmore comfortable modern interregional trains began to run on the roads of Russia. Toilets are provided in each of the wagons of such trains. Also, new interregional trains are equipped with air conditioning.

The difference between modern long-distance carriages

On the railways in Russia, in our time, non-running rolling stock is mainly of two types: old and new. Both of these varieties at the same time have almost the same device. And the equipment in new and old passenger cars is also used almost the same. The new rolling stock of this type, however, is, of course, considered somewhat more convenient for passengers.

In both old and more modern domestic passenger cars, toilets are located in front of the vestibule and behind the conductors' compartment. There are only two latrines in the old slow-moving rolling stock. The new cars are provided with three dry closets. Next to the vestibule in such a rolling stock there is not one, but two latrines. At stations in the sanitary zone, dry closets are not closed.

A distinctive feature of the new model cars are also:

• air conditioners;
• digital displays displaying the current time and air temperature, located above the entrances to the salon.

Places for conductors

Transportation of people is, of course, the main purpose of passenger cars. And their device was designed taking into account, first of all, the needs of Russian Railways customers. However, it is convenient to move in suchrolling stock, of course, should be not only for passengers, but also for service personnel. Compartments for conductors in long-distance train cars are equipped with:

• a sofa with a locker;
• folding shelf;
• cupboard-table;
• shelves;
• wash;
• compartment for storing clean linen;
• hook-hangers;
• cupboard.

Also in the compartment for conductors there is an electrical panel and a loudspeaker.

Design

RZD passenger cars consist of five main parts:

• body;
• undercarriage;
• frame;
• shock-traction device;
• auto brakes.

The transportation of people often over very long distances is what, among other things, the operation of passenger cars is connected with. And their arrangement should be such that Russian Railways customers feel as comfortable as possible on the road. That is, cars of this type must be equipped with life support systems. In this regard, the design elements of passenger cars are:

• heating system;
• ventilation (or air conditioning);
• electrical equipment;
• water heater;
• internal equipment.

The water supply system of a passenger car has a fairly simple device. Such a network inrolling stock of this type includes filling pipes as well as tanks:

• cold and hot water;
• firefighting.

In addition, an element of such a wagon network is a tank designed to replenish, if necessary, the amount of coolant in the heating system.

What is the body

This part of the car design houses seats for passengers and all systems that ensure the comfort of transportation. The body of the rolling stock of this variety is made of high grades of stainless steel and is able to withstand all the loads that it can be subjected to in transit.

It is a thin-walled all-metal structure reinforced with pillars and ceiling arches. Inside, Russian Railways carriages intended for the carriage of passengers are insulated with insulation and lined in harmonious colors. The supporting structure of the body is a solid steel frame.

Chassis: passenger car bogie arrangement

To this structural element of the non-running rolling stock of Russian Railways, of course, increased requirements are imposed. The passenger car of the Russian Railways moves along the rails on two bogies of the TVZ TsNII M type. A feature of these chassis elements, among other things, is improved ride smoothness. The main purpose of bogies is to move and guide the body along the rails. Wheels in the undercarriage of passenger cars are installedsolid-rolled. Each pair of them, in turn, is connected to the frame by axle boxes with roller bearings. In one car, such elements are provided for 8.

The bogie of a passenger car has a device that ensures not only smooth running, but also sufficient speed. Its main elements, in addition to wheelsets and axle boxes, are the frame and bolster.

Shock-traction devices

This assembly is located inside the center beam and on the end beams of the body frame. It is intended for auto-connection of cars between themselves and the locomotive. The automatic coupler of passenger cars has the following components:

• case;
• clutch mechanism;
• disconnect drive;
• impact centering device;
• harness;
• bearing parts.

Also, the purpose of the shock-traction unit is to reduce compressive and tensile forces when changing speed. In addition, such devices in passenger cars perceive shocks when coupling/uncoupling manually.

Brakes

This, of course, is also a very important structural element of non-self-propelled rolling stock of Russian Railways. Brake devices in passenger cars are provided for by 2:

• manual;
• automatic.

The passenger car's handbrake is capable of keeping it stationary on a slope of up to 15 degrees. It is used for rolling stock in sludge. They can also producestopover in case of failure of the main braking device of a passenger car.

What are the requirements

Passenger cars of Russian Railways are designed and equipped in accordance with the requirements of GOST 2.29.00.02, 21889-76, 9238-83, 22269-76, RTM 24.008. 59.82, etc. Of course, such a rolling stock must meet all safety requirements for movement, as well as sanitary standards for microclimate, noise, vibration, etc.

Passenger cars produced today in Russia are designed for a speed of 160 km/h. At the same time, their smoothness should not be less than 3.1-3.25. In addition, according to the regulations:

• The heat transfer coefficient of the car body should be on average 1.0-1.11 W/m2K;
• electricity consumption - 10.2-16.7 kWh per 1000 passengers.

Repair times

Thus, the structure of passenger cars is quite simple. Maintenance, however, of such rolling stock must be carried out periodically, in accordance with the prescribed rules. To maintain the performance of cars in Russian Railways, there is a clear system of repairs and inspections:

• TO1 - service is performed at the formation point before being sent on the road, as well as at stations and turnover points.
• TO2 - "recovery", that is, service before winter and summer transportation.
• TO3 - six-month revision.
• DR - repairs at the depot after a run of 300 thousand km.
• KR-1 -scheduled maintenance 5 years after manufacture.
• KR-2 - repair of the second volume in 20 years.

One of the main components of ensuring the safety of transportation of people is precisely the timely repair and maintenance of passenger cars. The device of the rolling stock of this type is such that it is able to cope with any load on the way. However, as with any intensively used equipment, various components and mechanisms of cars begin to wear out over time and require replacement.

Other varieties

The main types of passenger cars of Russian Railways are, therefore, non-self-propelled, compartment, reserved seat and seated. But this group can also include other rolling stock. Cars are also considered passenger cars:

• luggage;
• restaurants;
• salons.

This rolling stock has a standard device. And the maintenance of passenger cars of this type is carried out according to the same rules as regular ones.

Baggage cars

This type of rolling stock can be used on trains:

• passenger;
• freight;
• separate mail and luggage.

The arrangement of passenger cars of this type, like ordinary ones, is simple. Their body is all-metal, and they move on two carts. The layout in them, however, provides for a special, luggage and storage room. Also in these cars there areservice room, double compartment for recreation, toilet with shower, boiler room and vestibule.

Dining cars

This rolling stock is designed to provide passengers with hot meals on the way. The arrangement of passenger cars of this variety is also standard. Chassis, bodywork and brakes are standard. In the salon, tables and a buffet are placed. Also in the dining car there is a kitchen compartment for preparing hot meals with a stove and electric or liquid fuel heating. Of course, refrigeration equipment is also installed here. Also, such rolling stock provides for water supply systems (separate), as well as air conditioning.

Salons

Such passenger cars are designed for trips of senior executives or, for example, managers of large companies. The main difference between such rolling stock and conventional passenger rolling stock is an increased level of comfort. These cars are equipped with:

• salon;
• main passenger compartment with study and lavatory with shower;
• referent coupe;
• guest coupe;
• compartment of conductors;
• office space.

The interior trim of such cars is made from the highest quality artificial materials and precious woods. Carpets are provided in the corridor and compartment. The main passenger compartment is equipped with, among other things, a sofa bed, a work desk, a wardrobe forclothes, two armchairs. Air conditioners in such rooms are provided with remote control. The windows in the study compartment are closed with blinds. Toilets in such cars are equipped with a closed type with two tanks.

Double deck cars of Russian Railways

Such cars on the railways in Russia began to run relatively recently. Their equipment is almost the same as that of ordinary ones. Such cars belong to the group of compartment cars. They do not provide reserved seats. Passenger capacity of cars of this type is 60% higher than conventional cars. Salons for accommodating people in such a rolling stock are located one above the other. A restaurant in such cars is usually equipped on the second floor. Passenger cars of this type have a standard technical device. That is, they are equipped with air conditioning / ventilation, heating, power consumption systems.

Passenger compartments in this type of rolling stock have almost the same layout as in conventional compartments. An additional element of double-deck cars is a staircase with a viewing mirror on the interfloor platform. A feature of such rolling stock is that it is complemented by platforms for boarding / disembarking disabled people in chairs.