Administrative management: directions, administrative and classical methods, features and principles

2024 Author: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-17 10:16

Administrative management is one of the directions of modern management, which studies the administrative and administrative forms of management. At the same time, administration itself is an organization of the actions of personnel, which is based on formalization, strict incentives and strict regulation.

The essence of the concept

Today, it is customary to distinguish such 2 areas of administrative management:

building an organizational structure,

creating a rational system with which to manage the organization

Among the distinguishing features, the following should be noted:

hierarchy,

frequent use of linear functional and linear management structure,

sharing power,

the most accurate division of powers in each position,

application of formalized methods for making managerial decisions

Administrative type of management is actively used in government. In this connection, it would be logical to note the concept of public administration, which is a special type of state activity aimed at managing the affairs of the state. Within its framework, the executive power receives almost complete implementation. Among the distinguishing features of this type of management, it is worth highlighting:

operational and continuous nature of activity,

performance of special functions that require a certain uniform technology,

professional staff

introduction of functional and legal regimes,

use of administrative liability measures

functioning of the administrative apparatus, which is built in a hierarchical order

In corporate management, the value of the presented type of management is also undeniable. The reason for this lies in the fact that with its help an administrative resource is used, which makes it possible for one or another official to achieve various goals thanks to the powers officially granted to him.

Today, the training of specialists under the program called "Master of Business Administration" has become extremely widespread. Such specialists are really in demand as senior managers in many companies.

Conceptadministrative type of management in the classical theory of organization and management

Three main areas of the classical direction of management:

1. Scientific management. It focuses on the scientific substantiation of the organization of production. For the most part, industrial management is presented. In this area, rationality is very valuable. Founded by F. W. Taylor, F. Gilbert and G. Gant.
2. Classic administrative management. Primary attention was paid to the organization as a complete organism. The main functions are organization, planning, control, coordination and chain of command. A. Fayol and M. P. Faiolet became the founders of this field.
3. The concept of bureaucratic organizations. M. Weber was its founder. It is based on a precise definition of job responsibilities, as well as areas of responsibility of employees. There is a clear distinction between management and ownership. Management is built exclusively on an impersonal basis, at the head of which is rationality. Assumes formal reporting.

Many years of research have led to the realization that the normal operation of the company is impossible without effective management. This was the main prerequisite for the formation of the first ideas about the concept of management.

Stages of formation of management schools

The first school of classical management is considered scientific, founded by Frederick Taylor. Its main idea is tomanagement has become a kind of system based on scientific principles. At the same time, it must be carried out with the help of measures and methods specially designed for this. The essence of the theory is that not only production technology, but also labor needs constant standardization and design. It is the organization and management of work that should be given a large amount of time. At the same time, it is imperative to improve the wage system. It is noteworthy that when applying Taylor's ideas in practice, it was possible to prove their importance, because labor productivity showed a significant increase.

The subsequent evolution of the views of scientists was determined by the active development of industry. Henri Fayol, an outstanding French engineer, continued to popularize Taylor's ideas. It was he who proposed to formalize the description of the work of management in enterprises, highlighting their characteristic functions and activities. It is here that the classical administrative school of management originates. Fayol was the first to formulate the basic principles of management. Top managers should be guided by them when solving managerial tasks, as well as performing the functions of a manager.

The great contribution of the administrative school of management is that management is seen as a universal process, which consists of a whole list of functions that are interconnected. It was in it that the theory of enterprise management was formulated.

Basic Management Principles

Fayol's principles for constructing a structureorganization, as well as production management, are relevant today. Because of this, the school of administration is often referred to as classical.

The main essence of management principles according to the administrative school of management:

1. Division of labor. Thanks to the implementation of this principle, it is possible to reduce the number of objects on which each participant in the management process focuses their attention.
2. Responsibility and power. It should be understood that these concepts are interrelated. Power implies the right to give orders, as well as the power that requires obedience. They share official (sometimes called official) and personal (one that is justified by personal qualities) power. The connection of concepts is due to the fact that without responsibility there is no power.
3. Discipline. This principle presupposes obedience.
4. Unity of command. It is assumed that, regardless of the type of activity, an employee can receive orders exclusively from one official.
5. Personal interests should be subordinated to the general. The interests of a group of employees or one person cannot be higher than the interests of the entire organization.
6. Unity of the directorate. One head and a single work plan according to this principle should be in the same organization.
7. Centralization. For the success of an organization, it is important that it has a management center (brain).
8. Employee compensation. This concept refers to the cost of services that are provided. This price must be fair, while satisfying both the employee and the employer.
9. Order. Every company should take care of the workplace for every employee.
10. Justice. The peculiarities of administrative management are that the head of any company should try to instill the spirit of justice, which unites all levels of the scalar chain. This is the only way to be sure that the staff will work with maximum efficiency and dedication to the organization.
11. Initiative. This refers to the possibility of developing a plan, as well as guaranteeing its successful implementation. In case of a positive result, the initiative must be rewarded.
12. Corporate spirit. The strength of an organization lies in the harmony among all members of the staff.

Management control

The principles of administrative management call control one of the most important managerial functions. Experts argue that without it it is impossible to implement any management functions within the organization.

Specialists unanimously agree that the main content of managerial control is as follows:

Collecting and processing, as well as analyzing the results that were obtained as a result of the activities of all divisions of the companies. After that, it is imperative to compare these data with planned indicators, as a result of which deviations will be identified and it will be possible to determine their causes. It is thanks to management control that it is possible to ensure that all deviations are recorded. This is important for making urgent decisions that concernincome generation by the company

Analyze the reasons why the current activity deviates from the planned behavior. At this stage, it is possible to identify the likely development trends of the company

Develop activities that are necessary in order to achieve the intended goals. It is here that specific management decisions must be made

Creation of a reporting system in the company, which will be used in its branches and subsidiaries. Mandatory reporting on the results of the work of the whole company, as well as each of its individual divisions

State Administrative Office

In accordance with social and administrative management, the following division of employees is accepted:

Government service. This group traditionally includes senior officials who have taken their positions due to many years of merit. The tenure of office is directly related to the length of time that the political leader they support is at the helm of government

Public service. This includes professional employees who hold their positions on a permanent basis. A change in government leadership cannot be a reason for removing such employees from work

Such a division in the system of public administration was proposed by Anglo-American scientists.

The organization of administrative management at the state level suggests that the sphere of influence of managersinclude state organizations and bodies, state property. And they can also influence public property, which concerns spiritual, cultural and socio-economic development, as well as ensuring the freedom of citizens, etc.

Many scientific papers consider public administration in a fairly broad sense, where it covers 3 branches of government:

• executive,
• judicial,
• legislative.

In the narrow sense, it applies only to the executive branch.

But at the same time, it is important to note that none of the above branches of power can function without a managerial process. Thus, in lawmaking, the essence of the concept of management lies in the ability to ensure purposeful and consistent lawmaking.

Specifications for Administrative Management System

The administrative school of management suggests that before introducing administrative control, it is necessary to resolve the main issues with the business. This means that the types of services or products that it can offer the consumer and which are in demand should be known.

Organization of administrative management is impossible if the production is unprofitable. At least this condition should be observed theoretically. The cost of production and the level of wages do not matter.

A prerequisite for the administrative management of personnel is thatwages must be paid regularly. The theoretical possibility of payment should exist even with actual delays.

Management should take as a basis the ideology according to which the economic effect can be obtained not at the expense of savings on wages to employees. You can increase it in other ways. For example, due to the elimination of non-productive time, as well as by increasing the productivity of the use of working space and equipment, reducing the number of defects, etc.

The company must have working capital, as well as the possibility of their timely replenishment. The Administrative School of Management in Management notes that it is impossible to achieve a good result with only debt.

Choosing the optimal company management structure

The organizational structure of management is an integral set of the subject and object of management, which are interconnected by strong information links. It is in it that it is possible to reflect the scheme of the management system existing in the organization.

Types of organizational structures can be divided into the following main groups:

organic (also called adaptive),

bureaucratic (they are also traditional)

The normative model of rational type bureaucracy has the following conceptual provisions:

1. Hierarchy in management. It implies that the lower levels are subordinate to the higher levels.
2. The exact division of labor. Supposed,that qualified personnel should be used in each position. Administrative management is very important this point, which is considered fundamental to the success of any organization.
3. The presence of formal norms and rules that must be followed. This ensures that the tasks and responsibilities of managers will be homogeneous.

Management methods

An important place in the management system is given to administrative methods of management. They are designed to:

to control the work with personnel, as well as the implementation of decisions that have been made;

ensure the efficiency and organizational clarity of the work of the management apparatus;

guarantee the maintenance of the work schedule required by the enterprise, as well as the enforcement of decisions, orders and decisions of the management

Administrative management methods are directive in nature, thanks to which you can get an unambiguous solution to the problem and guarantee a direct impact on the behavior of the management object.

These methods are collected in a system of techniques and methods by which it is possible to ensure purposeful, coordinated, efficient and systematic work of both managed and control systems. The development of administrative management is impossible without the application of these methods.

Evaluation of management effectiveness

Measuring the effectiveness of administration is mandatory. The administrative school of management suggests that you need to correlate the result of managerial activity withthe cost of the resources that were expended to achieve it. The effectiveness of the work of managers is influenced by a lot of factors that are organized in two main groups.

The first group, according to administrative management theories, includes the following factors:

Management capabilities of the company (this takes into account all the resources that the organization has at its disposal)

Expenses for the operation and maintenance of management systems

The set of different types of benefits (social, economic and other) received by the organization in the conduct of management activities

Administrative management includes in the second group a whole list of secondary factors, including:

Skill level of performers and workers

Organizational culture

Working conditions

The degree to which managers are provided with the aids they need

The final results of the organization's work directly depend on the overall performance. And the second group of factors characterizes the efficiency with which certain types of resources are used. When evaluating the effectiveness of administration, profitability and profit indicators are necessarily used.