2024 Author: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-17 10:16
The world economy requires the harmonious development of each country. This is the key to the well-being and well-being of every person. Historically, different territories have produced certain types of products. This allows them to exchange their surplus production for scarce goods produced by other countries. This is how resources are equalized on the planet.
International specialization of labor is a form of development of world economies in which differentiation and separation of individual technological processes, sub-sectors and industries occurs in certain territories.
General concept
The international division of labor is the specialization of individual states in the creation of certain types of services, goods, technologies that are in demand by the world community.
In the process of developing trade relations between countries, three logical varieties of forms of this process have developed. These include the general, individual and private division of labor. In the first case, industry specialization occurs. It is carried out by production areas andeconomic sectors of the country.
Private division of labor occurs with the development of specialization in certain types of finished products or services. The unit form of the presented process is the predominant production of individual parts, components or assemblies. It is considered one of the most promising areas for development.
States participating in the international system of division of labor can receive greater economic benefits to cover their own needs in tangible and intangible benefits.
Historical Development
Initially, international level specialization was purely intersectoral. At the same time, the exchange took place between one main branch (industry) and another (agriculture). This process was typical for the 70-80s of the nineteenth century.
Knowing this, try to explain how the division of labor and specialization came into being today. This is not at all difficult if you delve into historical processes. Gradually, the shift in specialization took place in the direction of intra-industry exchange. A big shift took place in the 1930s. At this time, the exchange began to take place between one significant industry (for example, engineering) and another (for example, chemical production).
In the 1970s and 1980s, intra-industry specialization became a priority. Scientific and technological progress has determined the features of trade. Technological andnode specialization. In developed countries with market economies, such products account for at least 40% of exports.
Development indicators
International specialization of labor is determined by several key indicators. The most common of these is the coefficient of development of the international division of labor. It shows the weight of the country in world trade, which is compared with the share of the same state in the national income of all countries. If the indicator exceeds 1, this indicates a high (comparable to the average value) participation of the country in world exchange processes.
To assess the participation of international specialization of production, a whole system of indicators is used. These include the coefficient of relative specialization of industrial production. It is obtained by comparing the share of each product in foreign trade.
Also, the presented indicators include the coefficient of the country's share in the international turnover of components and parts. Next, the export quota and the range (range) of imported and exported goods are estimated.
Division of countries into groups
From the first half of the 20th century, one can trace how the division of labor and the specialization of activities influenced the status of each state. As a result, all countries were divided into 3 separate groups. The first of them included countries specializing in the production of products with the help of the manufacturing industry. The second group included states, the mainpart of the exports of which was the extractive industry. At the same time, a group of countries emerged that specialized in growing agricultural products.
Currently, the fourth group stands out. It includes countries that supply the world market with products of all the three groups listed. These are developed countries, such as the USA, England, France, Canada, etc.
Specialization of countries by groups
Thanks to the established links in the world market, a number of countries stand out with a certain direction of export. Their division of labor, specialization of production allowed these states to supply high-tech equipment, machine tools, machinery, household appliances and chemical components. For example, aircraft are produced and sold by the USA, France, Germany, Italy, while high-end cars are produced and sold by Japan, Sweden, Germany, USA, etc.
The second group includes states on whose territory powerful development of mineral resources is being carried out. These countries minimally process such raw materials. This includes the oil-producing regions of Africa, the Middle East, etc. Various minerals (coal, ore, gold, etc.) are sold by Sweden, Canada, Australia.
The third group of countries that sell purely agricultural products on the world market includes the countries of Asia, Latin America and Africa. Similar products can be supplied to the world market by developed countries, such as Canada, the countries of WesternEurope, Australia, etc.
Specialization Assignment
International specialization can provide stable development. The productivity of labor in each country can increase due to the concentration of resources in the feasible areas of production of various products. At the same time, it is possible to achieve the high quality of goods in which the state specializes.
Such processes prevent the emergence of a single monoculture of the economy. Each country creates its own specific economic complex, direction of activity. However, a positive effect is possible only in economically developed countries. Developing national economies, on the contrary, in such conditions are slipping into a narrow specialization, a monotonous focus of activity.
In this regard, international specialization should encourage developing countries to establish a diversified economic structure. The leadership of these countries must choose the optimal ratio of industries. Although these settings are difficult to implement in reality.
Shaping factors
The concept of labor specialization is formed with the participation of a number of factors. First of all, it is influenced by the existing and projected production capacities for commissioning, the quantity and quality of labor resources, and their development.
The second factor influencing the development of specialization is the level of national income. This also includes the processes of accumulation andconsumption within the state economy.
Climatic conditions, soil, minerals are considered the next factor. The existing economic ties and their possible development are taken into account. The more favorable factors are determined in a particular state, the more balanced its participation in specialization and division of labor at the international level.
Modern global specialization
Modern global specialization of labor has resulted from many changes in the industrial and agricultural activities of the international community. The main issues that have been solving world production in the past few decades have been the pursuit of increasing profits, reducing costs, and finding cheap labor.
All these factors have led to the creation of industries with high-tech production cycles. They offer the consumer in the world market competitive, high-quality products. These industries are considered the main carriers of global specialization.
Each state is known for its directions in the creation of new goods and services.
Specialization of the countries of the world
Modern specialization of labor has been defined in the last few years. This has highlighted a number of major suppliers of various high-tech equipment, goods and services in the global market.
Today, the main suppliers of cars and trucks are considered in the USA to be General Motors, Chrysler, in Germany - Volkswagen, Opel, in France - Renault, Peugeot, in England - Rolls-Royce, etc.
Japan took the leadpositions in the world-class engineering industry. It is known for such brands as Mitsubishi, Toyota. Almost all of these countries are leaders in sales of electronic equipment. This testifies to the high influence of transnational companies on the structure of world production. The specialization of labor is also subject to them.
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