Project implementation methods. Methods and tools for project implementation

2024 Author: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-17 10:16

The term "project" has a specific practical meaning. Under it is understood something once conceived. The project is a task with some initial data and goals (required outcomes). The latter determine the ways to solve it. Further in the presented article, we will consider some methods for implementing the project. Sample circuits will also be presented.

General information

Projects are anything that contributes to changing the environment. This category includes:

• Building structures.
• Formation of new organizations.
• Development and implementation of research projects.
• Reconstruction of enterprises.
• Building a ship.
• Program for the implementation of the project for the introduction of new equipment and technology.
• Creating a film strip.
• Implementation of national projects for the development of regions and much more.

Terminology

The project management system provides for the formulation of goals that are createdor modernized for the implementation of technological methods, the implementation of organizational documentation, the use of labor, material and other resources. This structure includes the following elements:

• Problem (intent).
• Project implementation methods (methods for solving the problem).
• Effects obtained during the incarnation process.

Within the framework of the problem, the deadlines for the implementation of the project are set.

Specific features

The project management system is a purposeful and time-oriented sequential structure. It usually includes complex, one-time and irregularly repeated actions (works or events). The project implementation plan has the following features:

• Singularity and complexity of the structure.
• Complexity.
• Specific financial and substantive results.
• Irregular incarnation.
• The specificity of the initial and final dates - the given time.

Serving as a set of tasks and actions, this structure also has the following features:

• Clarity of the set goals to be achieved. This provides for the simultaneous fulfillment of certain economic, technical and other requirements.
• External and internal interconnections of operations, works, tasks and resources used. All these elements require fairly clear coordination during the implementation of the plan.
• Limitationresources.
• A certain level of uniqueness of the implementation conditions, project goals.
• The inevitability of various conflicts.

Person concerned

The project can be considered a certain product, which is implemented in accordance with the conditions and needs of the customer - the potential owner. In a market economy, he acts as a stakeholder. The owner (customer) invests his own or borrowed funds in the project. Being interested in the implementation of the idea, he makes decisions related to the timing of implementation, cost, quality, control, and more.

Project implementation methods: value

Techniques that are used in the implementation of the plan allow:

• Define the goals of a set of measures, conduct a justification for its viability.
• Reveal the structure of the project. In this case, we are talking about the definition of such elements as subgoals, tasks, certain work that must be completed.
• Determine the necessary sources and amounts of funding.
• Select performers. The most common way to solve this problem is the announcement of tenders or competitions.
• Prepare and conclude contracts.
• Determine the timing of implementation, set the schedule for activities, calculate the necessary resources.
• Expect risks.
• Provide control over the implementation process.

The results of the project implementation will depend on the art of leadership and coordination of material and human resources during the life cycle of an idea. Different methods are used to achieve goals in terms of scope and composition of work, quality, time, cost and satisfaction of the participants.

Project Implementation Methods: Scheme Examples

There are several options by which the planned and effective implementation of the plan is carried out. These include, in particular:

• Expanded control scheme. Within the framework of this system, the project manager (leader) assumes responsibility for the implementation within the estimated (fixed) cost. He ensures the organization and coordination of processes in accordance with the agreements between him and the participants. The manager may be a consulting or contracting company (in some cases, an engineering firm).
• Scheme of accelerated construction. In this case, the design and construction organization acts as the leader. The customer enters into a turnkey agreement with her.
• The main system. Within the framework of this scheme, the manager (head), agent (representative) of the customer, is not financially responsible for the decisions made. Any company participating in the project can act as it. In this case, the manager is responsible for organizing and coordinating the activities. He is not in a contractual relationship with other participants (except for the customer). The advantage of this scheme isleader objectivity. The disadvantage is the fact that the risk lies with the customer.

Investment projects

This definition is considered in two senses. In particular, an investment project is understood as an event, a business that involves the implementation of a specific set of actions, as a result of which the goals set will be achieved. On the other hand, it is a set of accounting, financial, organizational and legal documents that are necessary for the implementation of some behavioral acts or for their description. As investments can be:

• Property rights, which are usually valued in monetary terms, trade secrets, licenses to transfer industrial property rights.
• Earth.
• Money assets or their equivalents (pledges, loans, loans, securities, shares and shares in authorized capital, working capital, deposits, etc.).
• Constructions, buildings, equipment and other property with liquidity and used in production.

Other classification

There are different kinds of projects. They are classified according to different criteria. One type or another corresponds to certain methods of project implementation. Implementation methods may depend on the resources used, staffing, goals, scope, and so on. So, the following types of projects are distinguished:

• Small. Such schemes use simplified methods of project implementation, methods of team formation, etc.next.
• Quality-free. In such schemes, the quality factor (nuclear power plants) is dominant.
• Megaprojects. They are targeted areas that include many interconnected complexes. United by common goals, allocated resources, and the time allotted for their implementation.
• Multiprojects. They are a complex of several interconnected schemes.
• Monoprojects. Such structures are distinguished by clearly defined resource, time and other frameworks. They are executed by a single team.

Working blocks

In any project, there are two separate categories:

1. Primary activity. It boils down to:

• Pre-investment activities.
• Planning.
• Documentation.
• Tendering, signing contracts.
• Implementation of construction and installation activities.
• Commissioning.
• Delivery of the project.
• Operation, production release.
• Equipment repair and production development.
• Dismantling equipment (closing the project).

2. Provision of the project concerning the following points:

• Organizational.
• Legal.
• Personnel.
• Logistics.
• Financial.
• Marketing (commercial).
• Informational.

Structure

Represents the organization of relationships and links between design elements. Building schemes usually have a variable hierarchical structure. It is formed in accordance with the operating conditions. In relation to real circuits, their internal structure should be divided into:

• Product items.
• Life cycle stages.
• Components of the organizational structure (including methods of implementation).

Structuring tasks

Due to the clear definition of the elements is carried out:

• Breaking the project into manageable blocks.
• Distribution of responsibility regarding the use, implementation, implementation of certain activities, establishing a connection between work and resources.
• Accurate cost analysis. These include funds, time, material resources.
• Formation of a single base for budgeting, planning and control over the direction of expenses.
• Linking work with the company's financial statements.
• The transition from general goals to specific tasks that are performed by organizational units.

Sequence of actions during structuring

It is essential in ensuring the effective implementation of tasks. The structuring process can be represented as follows:

• Formation of the goal tree. In this case, we are talking about drawing up diagrams, graphs that reflect how the goal is divided into subgoals of the next level. This is how the interconnection and subordination of elements is expressed.
• Building a decision tree. This schemereflects the structure of the task of optimizing a multi-stage process. The branches represent different events taking place, the nodes (vertices) reflect the areas in which the need arises to choose.
• Formation of the work tree. For each stage, the implementation activity should be divided into parts.
• Creating an organizational executive structure. The purpose of this action is not only to indicate the performers. Work packages are created, which indicate the persons involved in their implementation. This allows the preparation of network graphs of key events.
• Formation of the structure of consumed resources. This is necessary to analyze the means necessary for the execution of a set of works. In addition, the departments responsible for carrying out certain events are determined.
• Formation of network models. In the course of the project implementation, trees of goals and subgoals are formed, various kinds of resources are structured. Resources required for each level are fixed in a hierarchically constructed graph.
• Compilation of the responsibility matrix.

Scientific approaches

Designing is a responsible undertaking. It requires knowledge of the laws of social development. This means that it cannot rely solely on the subjective needs of people. To get rid of subjectivity allow scientific methods of project implementation. These include, in particular, the use of a matrix of ideas. This scheme involves the compilation of different solutions based on a number of independent variables. This approach is very important forimplementation of social projects. As a rule, when they are implemented, there are limited resources.

We should also mention such important methods of implementing a social project as analogues and getting used to the role. These approaches can act as a model, a standard, even if not everything in their structure has been worked out to the end. Getting used to the role allows you to more accurately represent the tasks that should be set during the design. The analogy can be used in constructing public goals in a global sense.

Association is considered to be a very acceptable method in social design. In this case, by solving problems in a different public sphere, you can find the right and easier way. This method combines techniques such as complete reorganization, modification and adaptation.