Fundamentals of industrial plant design

2024 Author: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-17 10:16

Efficiency of operation of industrial facilities is determined at the design stage. The characteristics of building materials, the choice of planning solutions and the schemes for interfacing the enterprise with central communications ultimately also determine the safety of the structure. But in addition to technical requirements, the design of industrial enterprises should also be guided by sanitary and hygienic standards. In other words, only a combination of taking into account existing requirements will allow developers to provide the customer with a modern, energy-efficient and safe-to-use enterprise model.

Basic Design Principles

The development of the project in each case pursues its own special tasks, which take into account the specifics of the enterprise. There are some nuances in creating design solutions for metallurgical enterprises, wood processing, food industry facilities, etc. Nevertheless, in all cases, the authors should be guided by the principles of optimizing the production process, minimizing side effects, increasing efficiency and ensuring safety. Often aloneprinciples are in conflict with others. For example, the desire to improve the energy efficiency of production often results in a decrease in the capacity potential. In such cases, the design of industrial enterprises must choose the optimal schemes in terms of the same standards.

Features of designing industrial facilities

First, a distinction should be made between ordinary industrial facilities and special enterprises whose activities are related to explosives. These are categories of industries belonging to groups of increased fire hazard, therefore, in each case, special technological standards are applied to them. In other cases, the general rules of the technical organization of space apply. For example, the total area of an object should be defined as the totality of all areas, including basement, basement and technical areas. The technical underground site must be designed in accordance with the norms of SNiP, clause 2.10. This applies to rooms with a ceiling height of less than 1.8 m. Also, the design system of industrial enterprises in the case of standard production should take into account the introduction of automatic fire extinguishing systems. Again, this is mandatory for all facilities regardless of line of business.

Selection of a construction site

Design work is not possible if there is no idea of the conditions under whichcompany organized. Therefore, the list of designers' tasks also includes coordinating the location of the future facility. According to SNiP, the basic requirement in the choice should be compliance with the master plan of the urban development complex - the location of the enterprise should not contradict the intended purpose of this site. In accordance with sanitary standards, objects whose work is accompanied by the release of harmful substances, electromagnetic radiation, noise and strong vibrations should not be located in the same sanitary zone with residential buildings. Sanitary standards (SN) 245 extend the restrictive requirements for the design of industrial enterprises, for the most part, precisely for objects that have a harmful effect on the environmental background and the comfort of people living. However, if the work of the enterprise does not have such negative factors, then it also allows the location within the boundaries of the sanitary zone.

Standards for the development of planning solutions

The basis for industrial enterprises is the object-planning solution, for which a wide range of requirements is provided. In particular, according to the requirements, the relative position of the premises is calculated based on the expected intensity of technological flows, cross feed lines, etc. Here, the specifics of each particular enterprise already play a role. At the same time, the walls of the premises should also provide the possibility of natural light and air flow - at least in cases whereit does not interfere with the production process. Often, production facilities are supplied with heat-generating equipment. In this regard, the design of industrial enterprises should take into account the possibility of exceeding the heat release rates to a level of more than 23 W/m2. Structures and units with such indicators of heat dissipation should be placed near the outer, but not the inner walls. Often, project developers are also faced with the need to create windowless buildings, in which there will initially be a lack of natural light. In such situations, the possibility of organizing an internal lighting system similar in its characteristics to natural lighting should be provided.

Requirements for engineering support

Industrial buildings should be provided with ventilation, air conditioning, lighting and, if necessary, the ability to regulate temperature conditions. At some facilities, individual communications are included in the technological process, so they should not be taken into account. For example, it can be a blower that cleans the filters with street fresh air flows. In most cases, it also provides for the design of power supply for industrial enterprises that are connected to main power sources or work directly from generators. The requirements require enterprises to also organize backup power supply points. These can be autonomous sources of electricity - for example, powered bydiesel fuel or solid fuel raw materials.

Sanitary and hygiene standards

Standards of sanitary and hygienic requirements cover both the environmental impact on the environment and ensuring the safety of the company's employees. So, for rooms without natural lighting with an insufficient biological effect, the sanitary standards for the design of industrial enterprises require that it is mandatory to provide standard artificial lighting, supplemented by an erythemal irradiation device. There are also SNiP requirements for the area of such premises - up to 200 square meters. m.

At facilities where, due to already technological limitations, it is impossible to provide standard ventilation and an artificial lighting system, rest rooms for workers should be provided. These areas are also regulated by the rules of CH 245. Sanitary standards for the design of industrial enterprises, in particular, indicate that in recreation areas there must be a natural light supply with a coefficient of at least 0.5%. Vestibules, halls, corridors and other areas that meet sanitary requirements may also be used for periodic rest.

Design features in cold regions

First of all, the facilities planned for construction in the northern part of the country should provide for improved hydro and thermal insulation. But even this may not be enough to minimize the effect of cold streams. Therefore, industrial design standardsenterprises also require that rooms with high humidity are not located near the outer walls. Facades, in turn, are designed without belts, niches and other structural parts that can trap precipitation.

Conclusion

Design solution gives the output not only an idea of the layout. Experts should also give advice on the choice of building materials that best meet regulatory requirements. For example, the design of industrial enterprises may include separate lists of materials for the building frame, decoration, roofing, etc. In choosing, designers are guided by ensuring the strength and safety of the future structure. The economic factor is also important, which often limits the choice of optimal solutions, but the desire to minimize costs should not contradict the basic technical standards of design and construction.