Geodetic reference boundary network: concept, classification, design

2024 Author: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-17 10:16

The organization of the country's land fund management system is impossible without the tools of practical land management. For this, geodetic means of providing and monitoring the land cadastre are used. The control object of this structure is the reference boundary network (BMS), which is built in the system of local coordinates, but is also included in the general geodetic infrastructure.

Main provisions on the status of CHI

The CHI infrastructure is qualified as a special-purpose geodetic functional network, which is created in order to coordinate the provision of the land cadastre. Within the framework of state control, CHI data can be used for a wide range of land fund management activities. As stated in the basic provisions on the reference boundary network, its design and development is within the competence of the employees of the land cadastre service of the Russian Federation at the federal level. Direct measures for the technical creation of infrastructure can be implemented by legal entities and individuals who have the appropriate license from Roszemkadastr. The supervisory function for this type of work is carried out by the cadastral service and its territorial structures.

The main purpose of CHI

Development of CHI systems is designed to solve the following tasks:

• Maintaining state. register of cadastral lands by districts, districts, quarters and on-duty planning maps.
• Formation of a coordinate network within the framework of cadastral territories - districts, districts, quarters, etc.
• Monitoring the use, condition and protection of land.
• Production of work on cadastral land management, monitoring, land surveying and coordinate support of the registry.
• Organization of soil protection, nature conservation and restoration activities. The provisions of the reference boundary network also prescribe a protective function in relation to the category of especially valuable lands. Based on the coordinate data of the land survey, technological maps of natural landscapes are developed with the designation of the rules for the exploitation of land within the specified limits.
• Information support of the land cadastre with information about the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of land. This data allows you to set the cost of plots, fees for their use, etc.
• Establishing the boundaries of plots whose lands are subject to anthropogenic and geological impacts.
• Land inventory.

ClassificationCHI systems by structure

In the construction of boundary networks, different means and methods can be used, which ultimately determine the nature of their structural structure. In this regard, the following types of CHI can be distinguished:

• Spatial networks. The development uses space geodesy tools for three coordinates superimposed on the geocentric coordinate system. Spatial geodetic infrastructure with plotted objects can be fixed both on a space object and on the earth's surface.
• Planned networks. All points in this system have longitudes, latitudes and flat coordinates in the ellipsoid system. The same geodetic reference boundary network is formed at the base. Its classification by construction methods provides for the division into methods of triangulation, trilateration, vector and linear-angular measurements.
• Leveling nets. An intermediate variety of networks, in the development of which traditional measurement methods are used, but at a new level of accuracy. In particular, high-precision geometric leveling tools are used.

Classification of compulsory medical insurance systems by scope of coverage

Geodetic networks in the land surveying system can be built at different scales, which largely determines the requirements for the construction tools used. In this case, the following types of CHI can be distinguished:

• Global. The coordinates are fixed in the geocentric system, and between plotted pointsthe distance can be hundreds of thousands of kilometers. Such networks are created for both practical and scientific purposes. The fundamental difference is the ability to determine global geodynamic processes and track objects in outer space with high accuracy.
• Regional networks. Determine the nature of the continental geodetic survey.
• State. They can also be used for both scientific and practical tasks, but within the same country, which determines the name of the national or state geodetic network. Reference boundary networks of this scale, in turn, may contain leveling, planned and gravimetric networks.
• Local. The internal structure of land surveying within the boundaries of a particular country. It is implemented according to different schemes depending on the specific approach of a certain state. In Russia, for example, local networks are built on the basis of state networks and serve to solve engineering and cartographic problems on the scale of a city, district or other small settlement.

Accuracy of CHI systems

Depending on the specific purpose of the network, its accuracy may vary within different limits. For urban networks, this indicator is characterized in terms of root-mean-square errors in relation to the relative position of neighboring points. This value is no more than 5-10 cm. In terms of the very need for accuracy of reference boundary networks, it is worth highlighting their two types of local scale:

• OMS1 - systems that reflect the urban array anddesigned to establish the boundaries of the territory of a particular settlement. In some cases, the location of real estate objects is also reflected.
• OMS2 - defines the boundaries of other settlements within agricultural land. On the basis of such networks, boundary maps and terrain plans are created.

In both cases, the degree of accuracy is initially laid down in the survey project and depends on the nature of the tasks.

Stages of CHI creation

At the initiative of the relevant control authorities, a task is formulated to create a geodetic network for a specific purpose. Further, the workflow is performed according to the following algorithm:

• Development of a technological map for the creation of CHI based on the task.
• Preparation and study of available cartographic and geodetic data for a specific object where work is planned.
• Development of a design solution. By this time, a topographic plan should be prepared with a general network layout and location of points. The calculated data are reflected directly in the project and a scientific and technical report on the development of the network is compiled.
• Reconnaissance. Procedure for clarifying project data on the ground.
• Setting the boundaries of the reference boundary network in accordance with the requirements of the task.
• Fixing an object in the coordinate system.

Design CHI

Project development is one of the most important stages in the creation of a boundary network, in which not onlytechnical tasks, but also determines the method of building the infrastructure. In particular, today astronomical and traditional methods of creating OMS are used with the connection of new technologies and positioning tools. The list of tasks for designing a reference boundary network includes determining the most effective, in terms of compliance with the task, and economically viable method of constructing a geodetic system. To do this, calculations are made with justifications for choosing one or another action plan in accordance with the requirements for the network.

The order of building CHI

The technology involves the implementation of several stages, in parallel with which the supervisory function of quality control of work is organized. So, the creation of a reference boundary network is implemented in the following order:

• Development of a plan, reconnaissance and technical organization of work (zero cycle).
• Bookmarking MHI points and placing survey marks.
• Production of geodetic measurements.
• Perform field work, calculations and evaluation of the quality of measurements.
• Processing the results.
• Compilation of a coordinate list with compulsory medical insurance points and the formation of a countdown on the work done.

Securing MHI points on the ground

In the cadastral register, the land surveying network exists only in the form of documentation. In recent years, data has been stored in digital graphic form. However, there is no point in developing a boundary network if it cannot be found directly on the ground. For naturaldesignations of points, signs of the reference boundary network are used, which may indicate the passage of borders or act as the so-called stabilization center of the object. These can be underground and surface, permanent or temporary informing elements of the infrastructure, which are placed in accordance with the data of zoning maps. A marked pole, a sign, or even a natural object can be used as a sign.

Application of satellite systems in the construction of OMS

Global satellite navigation is used today in the most progressive methods of creating CHI. Using the tools of this technology, in particular, state satellite networks are formed, including several levels with distances between objects from 5 to 800 km. The most ambitious level involves the creation of a fundamental astronomical and geodetic reference network. Land surveying is performed on relative measurements, so the errors can vary within wide limits. The most accurate models allow errors of up to several centimeters.

Conclusion

Russian geodetic systems are largely based on the initial data of the Soviet era. Since 2002, the process of updating the boundary infrastructure with a clear division into classes and topographic polygons has been launched. To date, the reference boundary networks of FAGS, VGS, SGS, etc. are being actively developed. Each of these systems contains arrays with points fixed in the geocentric coordinate system. At the same time, it also introducesmore accurate modern coordinate representation systems like SK-42 and SK-95. With regard to the purpose of the updated networks, their main task is still a practical engineering function, and on a larger scale, OMS data are used to study the vertical mobility of the earth and determine altitude levels.