Industry 2024, July
VVG cables. Specifications and features of models
An article about what VVG cables are, the technical characteristics of these devices. What benefit can they bring to modern people, why do you need to install such systems at all?
Toggle switch - design features, varieties
The knife switch is a special switching device. It is used to switch the electrical circuit, to transmit electricity. Such systems operate with a manual drive
Sharpening machines: advantages, varieties and features of choice
It should be noted that grinding machines have firmly entered our lives. Thanks to this equipment, you do not need to perform all the actions to restore the sharpness of knives, chains, scissors and other tools manually
Tire changer for trucks: overview, specifications, types and reviews
The article is devoted to tire changers for trucks. The characteristics, varieties, reviews and nuances of choosing this equipment are considered
Chrysotile cement pipe: specifications and application
Communication systems consist of channels of a certain size. As a conducting element in many of them, a chrysotile cement pipe can be used, the main substance of which is a type of asbestos
Cold do-it-yourself galvanizing
Corrosion of iron occurs when it interacts with atmospheric oxygen. To avoid this and extend the service life of the product several times, it is necessary to carry out a set of protective measures
Gypsum mixes: composition, top best, instructions for use and reviews
Plaster mixtures in construction are used very widely. Such compositions can be used for interior walls, ceilings, facades, columns, etc. There are several types of such mixtures on the modern market. And one of the most popular varieties is plaster based on gypsum. Many companies produce such compositions. However, some brands of gypsum mixtures are, of course, the most popular among consumers
Heating cable: characteristics, installation features, scope
General description of heating cables and their installation. Consideration of the main variations in the use of such products. A number of basic characteristics that are important when choosing. Self-regulating and resistive heating cables. Features and installation tips. Internal and external laying of heating cable for pipes and pipelines. Installation features for underfloor heating and drainage
Basic properties and fractions of expanded clay
Expanded clay fractions - this is not the only parameter that you should familiarize yourself with. It is also important to know about the specific gravity, the ideal value is within 0.95 g / cm3
Irkutsk HPP: construction, history, photo
The Irkutsk HPP is the very first and largest hydroelectric power plant built on the Angara. It laid the foundation for the formation of a whole energy complex. Difficulties in its construction helped to gain a truly invaluable experience
Kirovsky plant, St. Petersburg. Products of the Kirov Plant
For over 200 years, the Kirov Plant (St. Petersburg) has been working for the benefit of Russia. Founded in April 1801 as a small iron foundry, today it has become a diversified industrial complex. The factory workers stood at the origins of the domestic tractor industry, starting in 1924 the mass production of Fordson-Putilovets tractors
Welding unit: overview, types, characteristics, description and reviews
Not in all situations, you can use a welding machine that connects to a source of electricity. Especially if it is building a room from scratch. For such cases, the welding unit is designed
Airliner Airbus A321
The concern intended to create a new aircraft that would be able to compete with the most popular Boeing 727 in the class at that time. It was planned that it would be the same size liner with different passenger capacity options, but more economical
TVEL is Detailed analysis
The article talks about what a TVEL is, why it is needed, where it is used, how it is created and whether there are reactors that do not use TVEL
Zirconium: alloys based on it. Properties, application
Rare, but at the same time very important in many industries, the metal - zirconium - was first isolated only in 1824. However, it still contained a certain percentage of other elements. Only in the 20th century was it possible to obtain pure zirconium, free from various impurities. Learn more about it
Gas drying: definition, characteristics, methods and types of work, application of installation and special equipment
Gas drying is one of the cleaning methods that helps to get rid of moisture inside the pipeline. Its appearance is quite dangerous, as it causes corrosion of the metal. In addition, since mining is also carried out in conditions of low temperatures, ice formation is possible
Coal: classification, types, grades, characteristics, combustion features, extraction sites, application and importance for the economy
Coal is a very diverse and multifaceted compound. Due to its peculiarity of formation in the bowels of the earth, it can have very different characteristics. Therefore, it is customary to classify coal. How this happens is described in this article
Pervouralsky Novotrubny Plant: yesterday and tomorrow
Not only in our country, but also far beyond its borders, Pervouralsk Novotrubny Plant enjoys a deservedly high reputation as a very reliable and consistently stable partner. How did the plant manage to reach such a high level?
Metallurgy is Metallurgy industries, enterprises and their location
Metallurgy is the industry that allows humanity not only to live, but also to develop. In addition, this area of activity is a significant source of foreign exchange earnings for any country in the world. And therefore, in this article, let's look at everything related to metallurgy
Nizhnekamsk HPP: construction history, incidents, general information
Nizhnekamskaya HPP in Tatarstan is a unique and the only energy enterprise in the republic connected to the UES of Russia. Thanks to this enterprise, which is part of the Tatenergo holding, the residents of the region are uninterruptedly supplied with electricity
Rock s alt halite: properties, description and scope
S alt halite is a natural mineral from which the well-known table s alt is obtained. The technical mineral has a number of properties, the application of which was found in 14,000 areas. The most common of them is the treatment of road surfaces in the fight against ice
Zener diode - what is it and what is it for?
A zener diode is a semiconductor diode with unique properties. If an ordinary semiconductor is an insulator when switched back on, then it performs this function until a certain increase in the applied voltage, after which an avalanche-like reversible breakdown occurs. With a further increase in the reverse current flowing through the zener diode, the voltage continues to remain constant due to a proportional decrease in resistance. In this way, it is possible to achieve a stabilization regime
Tray for heating mains: dimensions, GOST. Reinforced concrete trays for heating mains
Reinforced Concrete Heating Tray is rectangular in shape and has a gutter configuration. The parameters for the type of width, length and height of different models differ from each other. The structures are made of heavy concrete, which, after hardening, are extremely resistant to various types of loads. In addition, these trays are frost-resistant
Insulated pipe: description and application
Thermal insulation on the pipeline is necessary to reduce the energy costs required for space heating. The most convenient way to implement insulating properties is expressed in the use of components such as heat-insulated pipes for heating. Their use allowed to reduce energy supply costs, as well as to simplify installation
PPU insulation. Production of pipes in polyurethane foam insulation
PPU insulation is considered the most effective today, since this material has the lowest thermal conductivity, and also has excellent waterproofing properties. The latter characteristic is due to the presence of 99 percent of closed pores in the composition of the material
What properties do alloyed steels have?
Alloy steels differ from ordinary ones by the presence of artificially introduced additives that predetermine certain properties of the future alloy. So, in ordinary carbon steel, "grains" of ferrite, cementite and perlite are contained in various proportions. With the introduction of alloying elements, the amount of carbon in pearlite is most often reduced (the strength of steel increases)
Solid and liquid rocket engines
Missiles as a type of weaponry have existed for a very long time. The pioneers in this matter were the Chinese, as mentioned in the hymn of the Celestial Empire at the beginning of the 19th century. "Red glare of rockets" - this is how it is sung in it
Low pressure heaters: definition, principle of operation, technical characteristics, classification, design, operation features, application in industry
Low pressure heaters (LPH) are currently used quite actively. There are two main types that are produced by different assembly plants. Naturally, they also differ in their performance characteristics
Do-it-yourself pipe bending machines
If you decide to make a manual pipe bender, you will need to form a reliable frame. Its elements are connected by bolts or welding. Next, an axis of rotation and shafts are installed, two of which will be located above the third. The distance between the axes of the shafts will determine the radius of the bend
Turbine oils: characteristics, classification and application
Turbine oils are high-quality compounds that are widely used to lubricate various mechanisms and components of turbine installations for various purposes
Rayon fabric, all advantages and disadvantages
Let's go to the modern store "Fabric" - our eyes ran wide, our breath was taken away in admiration from what we saw. So how to understand this multi-colored abundance of fabrics of different composition?
Characteristics, properties, classification and types of cardboard
In everyday life, cardboard is all around us. Most often, the association develops with the packaging of food, toys, shoes, etc. But in fact, this material is used in industry, construction, design, printing and other industries. We will consider in detail the types of cardboard, its properties and scope of application
Titanium carbide: production, composition, purpose, properties and applications
Titanium carbide: the history of the discovery of this compound, chemical and physical and mechanical properties. Description of how to obtain it. Part coating, carbide steel fabrication and other titanium carbide applications
Osmosis is What is reverse osmosis?
The article is devoted to osmosis - the filtration process, which results in water purification. The principles of operation and varieties of membrane filters operating on the principle of reverse osmosis are considered
OJSC "Lipetsk Metallurgical Plant "Svobodny Sokol"": history, production, products
OJSC "Lipetsk Metallurgical Plant "Svobodny Sokol"" is the oldest enterprise in the city of Lipetsk, which has celebrated a century of history. Production specializes in unique products for Russia - high-strength cast iron water pipes
List of the main factories of Samara
The economic development of a country is determined by its industrial potential. Simply put, the more profitable enterprises, the more the country exports the product. And along with this, the well-being of people and technological progress are growing. Some types of factories accommodate more than five thousand people, and often these are quite harmful industries. During the Soviet Union, enterprises were built together with cities, and the plant was called "city-forming"
Delayed reconstruction: Dmitrovskoe highway
Reconstruction of Dmitrovskoye Highway and its importance for the transport system of Moscow. What do you know about completion dates?
How to properly anodize aluminum
Detailed description of the technology that allows you to effectively anodize aluminum. Formation of a protective layer that prevents corrosion on the surface of an aluminum profile as a way to increase the service life of structures
Air conditioning and ventilation, air heating
For the normal existence and life of a person, it is necessary to create and maintain certain parameters of the environment, including air. Changes in temperature, the accumulation of harmful impurities in it significantly affect the well-being of people and their he alth. To maintain the desired characteristics of the air in the room, special equipment is used
Shaped products - what is it and why are they needed
If you need to organize a pipeline, you need fittings. What is it, why do we need such products, what types of connecting elements exist?
Plant "Hammer and Sickle". Hammer and Sickle Factory, Moscow
Metallurgy has almost always been the main pillar of our country, supplying much-needed raw materials for the production of machines for the national economy, the army and science. Of course, its development went through many difficult stages, because it all began in rather dark times
Diamond drilling technology and key benefits
Every year, diamond drilling and concrete drilling are replacing other technologies. For example, a puncher has many disadvantages, unlike this method. These are vibrations, high noise levels, etc. Most often, such drilling is used during construction or repair work. Let's talk about this topic and see what are the pros and cons of diamond drilling
Material consumption of products characterizes manufacturability of products
To analyze the perfection of the developed design, a number of technical and economic indicators are used, one of which is the material consumption of products. This parameter allows you to evaluate the level of manufacturability of the product and compliance with the required technical standards
Types of production structures. Organization of the production process
The type of production structure determines the internal configuration of an industrial plant. Depending on the scale of production, the type of manufactured products, the homogeneity of technological processes, different types of structures are used in practice
Design preparation of production: stages, tasks and purpose
To match the production system to changing environmental conditions, the mechanism of technical preparation of production is used. The development of new designs of products or production elements is ensured by the integrated use of design and technological components
CALS-technologies are Concept and definition, purpose of application
Integration of production and information technologies is an urgent task for the development of modern enterprises. This allows you to increase the consumer properties of products and master innovative technological processes
Understanding what a profile is
Thinking about what a profile is, not everyone understands the meaning of the word. In fact, it can be quite different. Most often they mean plastic windows. But the scope of its use is quite large. The application of the profile will depend on its type and characteristics
Household fans - overview, models and specifications
Household fans: description, features, modifications, photos. Household fans: overview, types, models, specifications. How to choose the right household fan?
Aeration plants: definition, types, principle of operation, production plants and do-it-yourself tips
Installation of the aeration column provides for the connection of a sump so that it has two flushing modes - direct and reverse. Combined use allows you to wash the filter element more efficiently. It is better to take a bigger mud trap. Small filters become clogged within a short time and require frequent rinsing. It is better to use a glass flask
Reinforced tape: unique properties and applications
Reinforced tape has reached its high point in recent years. Its use is necessary for many construction works, as well as for the packaging of goods and the production of household appliances
White cast iron: properties, application, structure and features
Initially, the technology of casting iron was first mastered in China in the 10th century, after which it became widespread in other countries of the world. A prominent representative of such an alloy is white cast iron, which is used in mechanical engineering for the manufacture of parts, in industry and in everyday life
Roll: description, production technology and plants
Roll is an indispensable element of a rolling mill. As a result, the quality of the products obtained depends on the technical features of the roll
Rocket-torpedo "Waterfall": characteristics, manufacturer. RPK-6M "Waterfall"
Rocket-torpedo "Waterfall": description, features, manufacturer, photo. RPK-6M "Waterfall": characteristics, history of creation, purpose
Flanged ball valve - description, application, features and reviews
Flanged valves are shut-off valves, the use of which turned out to be so simple and convenient that with their appearance the number of valves dropped dramatically
Construction and stop valves: types and purpose
Today, a variety of types of building reinforcement are produced. It can be classified according to the method of manufacture or application, or according to the materials used in the production. Reinforcement, the thickness of which does not exceed 10 mm, is sold in coils. If its diameter in the profile is more than 10 mm, it is cut into bars 6–12 m long
Steel 95x18: characteristics, reviews, heat treatment and knife making
What kind of steel are quality knives made of? How to follow them correctly? What properties do these products have? Read about this (and more) in our article
What is steel 10?
As you can see from any steel and alloy brand, steel 10 is a low-carbon structural quality. That is how it is called in all technical documentation, but sometimes its name is abbreviated in a different way, namely ST 10. But one way or another, its name - both full and abbreviated - tells us a lot
High pressure pumps for water: types, features and reviews
Today, one cannot do without water in any sphere of human life. But central water supply is not available in every holiday village and the private sector. Even if such a system is present, in summer it is not always possible to use water intake points, since there is simply not enough pressure. But the water pump solves this problem
Screw press: description of the design, principle of operation and methods of extraction
Screw press has become more and more popular lately. This is due to the fact that this equipment helps to obtain oil from a variety of crops without any problems. It is actively used not only on an industrial scale, but also for private purposes
Device, principle of operation and diagram of the rectifier diode bridge
Alternating electric current is converted into a constant pulsating through the use of special electronic circuits - diode bridges. The rectifier diode bridge circuit is divided into 2 versions: single-phase and three-phase
Welding inverter "Svarog ARC 205": description, specifications, prices, reviews
The device "Svarog ARC 205" is mostly designed for professional work or for large amounts of work in everyday life. For occasional occasional use, you can purchase a cheaper and simpler model with fewer features
Table of loads by cable section: selection, calculation
In order to reliably protect the wiring from overheating when the rated current is exceeded for a long time, the cable cross-section is calculated from the long-term permissible currents. The calculation is simplified if the load table for the cable section is used. A more accurate result is obtained if the calculation is based on the maximum current load
Closed and open heating system: features, disadvantages and advantages
At present, it is promising to introduce the technology of a closed heat supply system for consumers. Hot water supply allows you to improve the quality of the water supplied to the level of drinking water. Although new technologies are resource-saving and reduce air emissions, they require significant investment. Ways of implementation are at the expense of commercial and budgetary financing, competitions for investment projects and other events
What is ultrafiltration of water?
Ultrafiltration of water through membranes allows you to achieve its required purity with a minimum consumption of reagents. Wastewater after treatment can be used for industrial purposes. Ultrafiltration is not always effective. The method does not allow removing some substances, for example, organochlorine compounds and some humic acids. In such cases, multi-stage cleaning is used
Cathodic Protection: Applications and Standards
Cathodic protection is a way to improve the operational reliability of underground pipelines and other structures. At the same time, its negative impact on adjacent pipelines from the influence of stray currents should be taken into account
HDPE pipe: do-it-yourself installation, installation features and instructions
When HDPE pipe is installed, the installation is done mainly by welding or compression fittings. If the installation rules are followed, the connections will be airtight and durable for many years
What is cable tracing?
Trace allows you to determine the direction and location of hidden extended objects, mainly cables. It is important to correctly set the signal volume level on the transmitter and receiver. Particular attention is drawn to the places of its sharp change
Carbon steel grades. Classification, GOST, application
Steel is a ferrous metallurgy product, the main structural material. It is used to produce construction fittings, rolled metal products of various profiles, pipes, parts, mechanisms, tools
Leningrad NPP: history. Power of the Leningrad NPP
Leningrad NPP allows millions of people in the region to live in peace. Despite the fact that a peaceful atom is dangerous, the station has been successfully operating for more than forty years
Galvanized roll: description, specifications and reviews. Chain-link mesh galvanized in a roll
Galvanized coil is a long steel sheet that is used for various purposes. Galvanized steel is produced in this form of any parameters and sizes. Specifications define performance and areas of use
Is the reserved seat car really that bad?
An article about one of the symbols of passenger transportation of the Soviet era, which became a reserved seat car, a unique invention of transport economists of a huge country that disappeared from the political map of the world
MiG-31BM: specifications. MiG-31: the best in all characteristics
The MiG-31BM fighter is rightfully considered the best fighter-interceptor not only in Russia, but also in the world. This became possible thanks to the upgraded performance and radar characteristics of the aircraft
Strategic missile carrier Tu-95MS "Bear"
Tu-95MS "Bear" is a direct descendant of the "Aircraft-95-1", which first took to the air in the autumn of 1952. Operation in flight units began in 1956, around the same time that the famous B-52 appeared in America, which is still in service today
Classification of ships of the Russian Navy: description, types and ranks
The classification of ships of the Russian Navy is very detailed and voluminous. It includes ranks, classes, subclasses. And everywhere - on several names. Each vessel included in the classification has a very serious characteristic. And this topic is really interesting. And in order to at least start to understand it a little, you should briefly talk about each rank and about the technique that has the most impressive characteristics
Bread defects: photos, causes, baking problems and how to fix them
Bread making is a complex technological process. Not surprisingly, finished bakery products can have various defects. They can be caused by the poor quality of raw materials, the mistakes of the baker who kneads the dough and bakes it. It is worth noting that the flaws associated with the quality of ingredients are extremely difficult to fix, while technological flaws can be corrected. The article tells about the defects of bread and how to eliminate them
What are high strength bolts ?
There are several classifications of bolted hardware, but in terms of fastening reliability, the most significant division according to the degree of resistance to physical stress. The functional stability and durability of the target structure depend on this property. The most attractive in this regard are high-strength bolts used in motor vehicles, industrial units and critical building structures
Chemically hazardous objects: concept, classification and characteristics
Chemical hazardous objects are important and you need to know "by sight" in order to know the degree of danger in which you are, being in close proximity to them
Elevators are Water jet elevator. Heating elevator
An elevator is a device that is necessary to lower the temperature of the coolant entering residential buildings. This device reduces the temperature of the water by partially mixing with the cold liquid from the return pipe. Currently, water jet elevators are not available at every CHP. Let's take a closer look at what this device is, how it works and whether it makes sense to install it. We will also consider other types of elevators
Industry of India. Industry and agriculture in India
One of the most developing countries in the world today is India. Industry and agriculture are largely state-owned. The role of these areas in the formation of GDP is significant
Mobility of concrete: types, table, GOST and features
Currently, one of the most common building materials is concrete mix. With the help of this raw material, many objects are built. It has many different parameters and characteristics, among which there is one called the mobility of concrete
AZLK Automobile Plant: history of creation, products and interesting facts
AZLK plant in Moscow produced democratic minicars "Moskvich" for domestic and foreign motorists. This enterprise at one time managed to fill the market with affordable cars that received popular recognition. Today, new workshops are being built on the territory of AZLK for a completely different activity
Laminated plywood: scope
Laminated plywood has long been noticed by those who were looking for a strong, wear-resistant and durable material. The appearance of this board allows it to be used not only in construction work, but also in the manufacture of furniture
Likinsky Bus Plant LIAZ
Likinsky Bus Plant (LIAZ) has been a leader in the production of extra-large and large class buses for many years. The company's product line includes more than a dozen models of public transport, including trolleybuses. In 2005, the organization became part of the GAZ Group of Companies, which made it possible to re-equip the production base and organize the assembly of world-class equipment
Railway track is Definition, concept, characteristics and dimensions. Train dimensions and features of track facilities operation
Traveling by train through cities and towns, you can learn a lot of interesting and amusing things about the world of the railway. More than once, traveling people have asked themselves questions about where this or that railway track leads? And what does the engineer who manages the train feel when the train is just starting off or arriving at the station? How and from where do metal cars move and what are the ways of the rolling stock?
"Ikarus 250": specifications and photos
The growing Soviet state at one time was in dire need of roomy and comfortable buses. Citizens did not have so much personal automobile transport, and therefore long-distance travel was considered a rather problematic matter. The Hungarian plant Ikarus volunteered to help, where they began to produce the legendary Ikarus 250
Transforming partitions: technical description
Transformable partitions for an office or a sales area are the ideal tool for combining or zoning space when you need to turn a small room into a mini-office system or a conference room in a few minutes
Installation of electric motors: expert advice
Installation of electric motors is always carried out in accordance with the rules for the installation of electric motors (PUE), as well as in accordance with the instructions of the manufacturer. In addition, if the device has rather large dimensions, then it is necessary to specially equip the foundation for it
Paronite gasket: characteristics, varieties and scope
Paronite ring gasket is a sealing product made of asbestos, which is designed to create a tight connection in pipelines. Due to its properties, these products are in high demand among enterprises and the population
Flying aircraft carrier: description, characteristics and history of creation
A flying aircraft carrier is an aircraft capable of carrying several smaller aircraft designed for air combat
Alternative energy sources in Belarus. Fuel and energy resources of Belarus
The problem of the growing shortage of energy resources is now reaching the level of the problem of climate change, and, as you know, the history of mankind is the history of the struggle for energy resources. A similar situation is observed in the 21st century (for example, wars in the Middle East for oil)
Bryansk Engineering Plant is the pride of the region
CJSC "Bryansk Machine-Building Plant" is not only the oldest machine-building production in the Bryansk region, but also one of the longest existing enterprises in Russia. How a company founded in the second half of the eighteenth century manages to remain among the most promising manufacturers and create products that are relevant to the modern world is described in this article
JSC Nizhny Novgorod Machine-Building Plant: history and production
JSC "Nizhny Novgorod Machine-Building Plant" is one of the largest enterprises in the country's defense sector. The company became famous for the design and manufacture of artillery systems. Today, NMZ produces complex military-technical products, as well as reactors and components for nuclear power plants, including ships with a nuclear power plant
How gantry cranes are designed and used
Gantry cranes are one of the types of overhead cranes. Such equipment is used in many areas of the national economy. Typically, such structures are installed in warehouses, open areas of manufacturing enterprises, in ports, etc. One of the most commonly used types of lifting equipment
Construction of power plants in the Crimea. Energy of Crimea
The article tells how the Russian authorities solved the problem with the energy supply of the Crimea after its accession to the Russian Federation. The reader will find out what state the Crimean energy system was in in 2014, why it was necessary to urgently build power plants in Crimea
Safe locks: classification, types, types, classes and reviews
The article is devoted to safe locks. The types of devices, classes, as well as reviews of manufacturers of locking mechanisms are considered
Rosin is a very interesting substance
Rosin is an amorphous, brittle substance with a vitreous structure and color from light yellow to dark red. It is obtained after distillation of the volatile component from the resins of coniferous trees. The chemical properties of rosin (up to 90% resin acids, including the main one - abietic) make it insoluble in water, but soluble in ethers, alcohol, chloroform and benzene
Drying wood and its features
In order for wood products to be durable and retain their original dimensions, wood drying is necessary, which has many features
Pipe for groundwater drainage (photo)
The groundwater drainage pipe can be pottery, asbestos-cement or ceramic. Pottery and ceramic products were used in the process of agricultural development of territories. However, these pipes have many disadvantages, they are the need for frequent flushing, as well as a minimum service life
Baikal-Amur Mainline: major transport hubs. Construction of the Baikal-Amur Mainline
The Baikal-Amur Mainline is one of the most important projects implemented in the 20th century. For many years of work on different sections of the road, more than 20 million people worked, the construction of the road became the most expensive construction during the existence of the USSR
Baikal tract: reconstruction (photo)
The Baikal tract is a federal highway, the shortest way from the city to Lake Baikal. Its reconstruction works, which were completed in October 2015, made it safe and as convenient as possible