Industry 2024, July
Industrial heater: overview, types and reviews
The article is devoted to industrial heaters. The varieties of this equipment, the nuances of choice and reviews of manufacturers are considered
Zelenodolsk Shipbuilding Plant named after Gorky: enterprise prospects
JSC Zelenodolsk Gorky Shipbuilding Plant is the pride of Tatarstan. For more than 120 years, the company has been producing civil and military ships, repairing and servicing ships of various classes
Glowing paint: an original approach in decor and art
Many things cannot be seen after dark, but luminous paint, thanks to its properties, allows you to enjoy drawings even at night
Fish processing shop: equipment, technologies
The article is devoted to fish processing technologies, as well as technical means that implement similar tasks in the shops of enterprises in this industry
Culir smooth surface. Knitwear production
Culinary surface, what is it? Many people are familiar with the most common types of fabric, but few people come across this in everyday life. In addition, it also happens that there is such a thing in the house, but they don’t know what it is called a cooler
The latest Russian aircraft, military and civil
Despite the high performance of Soviet aircraft, its potential is gradually declining. The latest Russian aircraft will soon replace it. First of all, this applies to combat vehicles, the fleet of which will be renewed by half in the next two or three years
The oldest steam locomotives in the world
Now almost all the old steam locomotives that have remained on Earth can only be seen as monuments, and once upon a time a whole story began with them. The first records for speed, power and carrying capacity were set precisely by these huge vehicles that send clouds of black smoke into the sky, deafeningly rumbling vehicles
Thrust bearing. Angular contact bearings. Ball thrust bearing
Bearings are technical devices that support rotating axles and shafts. They are able to receive radial and axial loads directly acting on the axle or shaft, and then transfer them to the frame, body or other parts of the structure
Mechanical assembly shop: description, structure, functions and tasks
The machine assembly shop is one of those shops that has been around for a very long time. It can work according to different schemes of production. Also, this workshop has a lot of important functions that it performs. There is also a special method for organizing the work of this section
Bending machines: types, description of designs, characteristics, settings
Bending machines: types, design features, application, photo. Description of machines, technical characteristics, settings, modifications
Coiled galvanized steel with a polymer coating: characteristics, purpose
Rolled steel is one of the most common types of rolled metal. To make a successful purchase of this material, you should know several important features
Drilling is a type of mechanical processing of materials. drilling technology. Drilling equipment
Drilling is one of the types of material machining by cutting. This method uses a special cutting tool - a drill. With it, you can make a hole of different diameters, as well as depths. In addition, it is possible to create multifaceted holes with different cross sections
High-voltage tests: purpose, algorithm, test methods, standards, protocol and compliance with safety rules
The operation of electrical equipment involves a number of high-voltage tests. They are very important for the correct operation of the devices. Their purpose. the algorithm for conducting, norms and compliance with safety rules are described in detail in this article
Izhevsk Motorcycle Plant: products, photos, contacts
Motorcycle's birthday is August 29th. On this day in 1885, the ingenious German and engineer by profession, Gottlieb Daimer, tested a gasoline engine of his own invention. The design on which the prototype motor was installed was two-wheeled and moved briskly. This is how the motorcycle was invented
Plexiglas is Definition, features and main characteristics
What is plexiglass? Plexiglas: description, types, operation, advantages, photo. Organic glass: basic parameters
Coal: composition, application, extraction methods
Today, people use a wide variety of fossils. One of the oldest is coal. The composition of this material allows you to perfectly use it for heating your home and not only
Russian and foreign manufacturers of simulators: photos and reviews
Russian and foreign manufacturers of exercise equipment today offer a wide range of sports equipment. Which one is better - let's try to figure it out in this article
Cold smoking technology: the concept of the process, the construction of a smokehouse, the main rules of smoking and food preparation
When cooking fish or meat in the country, if desired, you can also use cold smoking technology. Using this technique, it will not be difficult to get a very tasty homemade product. However, to smoke fish, meat or sausage in a cold way, of course, you need to do it right
Gondola cars: specifications. Universal gondola cars
Very often, universal gondola cars are used to transport goods by rail. Their main distinguishing feature is the absence of a roof. Wagon sizes may vary. However, all such models are used mainly for the transportation of bulk and piece cargo
On what principle do Tesla generators work and how are they used
The principle by which Tesla generators work does not really contradict the postulates of modern science. Any extraction of energy in the modern sense is based on the potential difference of physical parameters
Corrosion and erosion of metals: causes and methods of protection
Chemical, mechanical and electrical external influences often occur in metal product operating environments. As a result, with improper maintenance of such elements, as well as ignoring safety standards, there may be risks of deformation and damage to structures and parts. This is due to the emerging processes of corrosion and erosion of metals, which in the long term contribute to the complete destruction of the structure of the product
Yakutskaya GRES: main characteristics, modernization
Yakutskaya GRES is the main source of electricity in the Republic of Sakha. This is the world's first power plant built on permafrost. At the moment, it is also the only such facility on earth that operates in a climatic zone where the difference between winter and summer temperatures is 100 degrees
Cable manufacturers: types of cable, list of manufacturers, rating of the best, product quality, addresses and customer reviews
Cable is such a demanded product that it is manufactured in any state. Wires are found in rooms, the ground, industrial facilities and even air. If a country is not able to guarantee itself a similar product, it is worthless. The article deals with domestic cable manufacturers
Description of steel 65G. Material for the production of knives
The variety of steel in our time is quite large. Each brand differs from another in a number of physical or chemical, or operational properties. Because of this, it is not always possible to use the same steel grade for the manufacture of various kinds of products. Steel 65G has proven itself from the best side in the manufacture of knives
Steel grade R6M5: characteristics and application
Before starting to create a knife, the master needs to clearly know all the features of the steel from which the final product will be made in the future. Each individual steel, with the exception of analogues, which will be discussed below, is unique in its composition, which means that its processing should be approached wisely. So, the focus of our attention is R6M5 steel, the characteristics and application of which we will describe in detail below
What are steel grades. Explanation of designations
Material brand - a designation by which you can unambiguously determine its composition, purpose, method of manufacture. To decipher the grade of the material, in particular steel, you need to know the symbols of the elements
Steel annealing as a type of heat treatment. Metal Technology
Creating new materials and controlling their properties is the art of metal technology. One of its tools is heat treatment. This knowledge allows you to change the characteristics, and, accordingly, the scope of the use of alloys. Steel annealing is a widely used option for eliminating manufacturing defects in products, increasing their strength and reliability
Gear shaping machines: description, characteristics, types and mode of operation
Gear shaping machines: specifications, settings, operation, features, purpose. Gear shaping machines: description, principle of operation, photo
Flame control sensors - features, device and principle of operation
Today, people actively use fire for their own purposes. However, it is very dangerous, and therefore, when working with it, it is necessary to put safety in the first place. On an industrial scale, this role is played by a flame control sensor
Steel C245: GOST and characteristics
C245 is a steel grade belonging to the class of low-carbon structural alloys for widespread use. You can meet it at enterprises closely associated with the manufacture of metal structures of various types and purposes
Overview of oil sludge disposal methods
Utilization of oil sludge: classification of processing methods, their advantages and disadvantages. Brief description of chemical, biological, thermal, physical and chemical technologies. Types of oil sludge. Applied equipment for their disposal
KPVT, machine gun. Heavy machine gun Vladimirov KPV
The idea of defeating aircraft and lightly armored vehicles led to the creation of heavy machine guns with a caliber of more than 12 mm. Such machine guns were already able to hit a lightly armored target, get a low-flying aircraft or helicopter, as well as shelters behind which there was infantry. According to the classification of small arms, the 14.5-mm KPVT machine gun is already adjacent to artillery weapons. And in design, heavy machine guns have much in common with automatic guns
Flash-bang grenade. Types of stun grenades
A flashbang grenade is a type of non-lethal weapon, the main purpose of which is to inflict shrapnel damage or light and sound effects on a person. Such ammunition is in service with all special services, the army, as well as law enforcement agencies. They are mainly used to temporarily incapacitate the enemy by stunning with a loud sound and blinding. Sometimes rubber buckshot is used to damage the soft tissues of the human body
Silane Guard - liquid glass: reviews and method of application
Do you want your car to look like new? Now for this purpose it does not need to be taken to a car service. Polishing machine surfaces at home is the use of a novelty - Silane Guard liquid glass. Consider the features of this substance, study consumer reviews
SAU "Hyacinth". Self-propelled artillery installation 2S5 "Hyacinth": specifications and photos
Many people who are interested in issues of armament of the army, have formed for themselves a largely erroneous opinion that the barreled artillery in the existing conditions has become practically unclaimed. And indeed: it would seem, why is it needed when missile weapons reign on the battlefield? Take your time, it's not that easy
Metal casting: process, methods, methods
Metal is the basis of all modern civilization. In a year, modern humanity mines and processes such an amount of iron alone that before the whole world would have been digging it for at least a couple of centuries
Large factories of Yaroslavl and the region
Yaroslavl factories occupy an important place in the sectoral structure of Central Russia. In a large production center, there are enterprises of mechanical engineering, military-industrial complex, chemical, textile, construction, and food industries. Let's look at some of them
Main busbar: description, types and device, application
Power supply wiring in manufacturing plants and construction sites needs additional protection. Conventional insulation does not always cope with these tasks, so special circuits are used that also perform the functions of distribution and optimized connection. A typical version of such wiring is a trunk bus duct containing one or more power lines
Which edgebander to buy? Brand overview
Edgebanding machine is used in furniture production for the final finishing of blanks for cabinets, tables, chairs, etc. This is a very complex structural equipment, there are just a huge number of varieties and brands
Density of crushed stone - gravel, granite, limestone and slag. Bulk density of crushed stone: coefficient, GOST and definition
Crushed stone is a free-flowing, inorganic and granular material obtained by artificial crushing. It is divided into primary and secondary. This is an important fact. Primary - the result of processing natural stone: pebbles, boulders, pumice and other materials. Secondary is obtained by crushing construction waste, such as concrete, asph alt, brick. In this text, we will consider in more detail such a property as the density of crushed stone
Production of flat heating elements. Do-it-yourself heating flat element
The heating flat element is a heating element made of plates of different materials. They are made from a specific shape, each of which serves to heat flat parts. A flat heating element in its design resembles a rubber wire attached to a special housing. It can be made of metal, ceramic or micanite. This device operates on a simple 220 V mains supply
Diesel submarines: history of creation, boat projects, principle of operation, advantages, disadvantages and stages of development
The idea of creating a submersible moving under water, actually a prototype of a submarine (hereinafter referred to as a submarine), arose long before their actual appearance in the 18th century. There are no exact descriptions of underwater vehicles in numerous legends, nor in the Renaissance genius Leonardo da Vinci
The largest meat processing plants in Russia
The modern Russian market is saturated with meat products. At the same time, each buyer is always interested in where and how the product is produced
Technical preparation of production: tasks, stages, process and management
The development of new, highly efficient and more advanced products, competitiveness in the world market - all this is directly related to organizational issues, among which a special place is occupied by the technical preparation of production. Why does she have such a role?
Zaramag HPPs: the need for construction
Zamargan HPPs are the most important facility for the economy of South Ossetia, the construction of which in the Kassar Gorge began back in 1976. In 2015, the construction of this cascade was decided to be resumed. At the moment, the head station with a capacity of 15 MW is already operating in the Kassar Gorge
Severnaya Verf shipyard: history, production
JSC Severnaya Verf is one of the leading domestic shipbuilding enterprises. The company specializes in the production of corvette, frigate, destroyer class warships, minesweepers, reconnaissance and logistics support vessels
What is a pischal, dimensions, device and meanings of the word
Nothing has changed the way of warfare like the advent of firearms in the Middle Ages. Talented designers have created many wonderful samples, however, in this article it is the pischel that is considered
PJSC Novosibirsk Chemical Concentrates Plant: history, description, products
PJSC Novosibirsk Chemical Concentrates Plant (NCCP) is a major global manufacturer of nuclear components for nuclear power plants and research centers. In a number of areas (for example, the synthesis of lithium, the manufacture of uranium fuel), it occupies a leading position in the global market. Part of the TVEL group of companies, a structural division of Rosatom
Su-24M2 aircraft: description, specifications and history
The Su-24M2 is a front-line bomber that traces its history back to the first Su-24 model, which would have been more than half a century old. But this did not prevent Russian designers from reworking it, after which it is successfully used in the 21st century
Composition of white spirit. White spirit: characteristic
White spirit is a special agent (solvent) that is intended for diluting various liquid alkyds, certain types of rubbers (specifically, it can be cyclo- and butyl rubber), as well as polybutyl methacrylate. What is white spirit used for, how to use it, how is it transported and what is it typical for? All this is in the article
Polyvinyl chloride - what is it? Polyvinyl chloride production technology and applications
If you decide to use PVC in construction or repair, what it is, it is important to find out before starting work. This material belongs to synthetic thermoplastic textures
Oxygen hoses: description, dimensions, GOST and reviews
Currently, a lot of work is carried out using welding. For this reason, oxygen hoses have become quite a popular material, and besides, they are easy to transport
Automatic warehouses and their equipment. Automated warehouse systems
Transportation of goods is the basis of production processes in warehouses of various types. Lifting and moving operations are less and less carried out manually and require the use of specialized equipment. At the current stage of development of the technical support of the warehouse, automatic components and assemblies are considered the most effective solution for this type of transportation problems
Integrated Helicopter Company "Russian Helicopters"
Demand for the products and services of this integrated group is quite high. Helicopter equipment is purchased, first of all, by Russian departments (FSB, Ministry of Defense, Ministry of Emergency Situations), airlines, and other large firms
Welding technique: basic concepts, rules and possible mistakes
Hot welding is one of the most common assembly processes used in construction and industry. It is used both in high-tech operations for the assembly of equipment, and in the simplest typical work when connecting load-bearing structures. In each case, its own welding technique is used, which is optimally suited for operational parameters, working conditions and requirements for the result
Inorganic polymers: examples and applications
In nature, there are organoelement, organic and inorganic polymers. Inorganic materials include materials whose main chain is inorganic, and the side branches are not hydrocarbon radicals. Elements of III-VI groups of the periodic system of chemical elements are most prone to the formation of polymers of inorganic origin
CNC machining center: distinctive features, purpose, advantages over simple installations
Automated plants are great for multitasking production. The machining center replaces long production lines. One device contains the functionality of a full cycle of manufacturing complex parts
Tyvek Membrane: description, characteristics and applications
Tyvek membranes are actively used in hydro and wind protection of private and public buildings due to the fact that the protective functional layer has quite impressive thickness. This parameter can reach 450 microns, which indicates the efficient operation of the material throughout the entire service life
Properties of porcelain and its application
The term "porcelain" refers to a wide range of ceramic products that are made at high temperatures. Their distinguishing features are a smooth surface and low porosity
Janome - an overlocker for a real craftswoman
Janome is an overlocker that is very popular in the modern sewing market. It is convenient, inexpensive, practical and efficient
Locomotive industry: structure, facilities, composition and management methods
Stable and safe operation of railway transport, which provides passenger and freight transportation, is impossible without the organization of a clearly structured train service system. The list of technological operations of this system includes not only repair and maintenance, but also in a comprehensive form the management of operational processes - including the connection of automatic devices. Such an infrastructure is called a locomotive economy
GorKapStroy: employee reviews, customer recommendations, types of work and management
About the company "GorKapStroy" reviews on the Internet can be found for every taste: both written, as they say, "from the heart", based on fresh impressions, and developed over many years of work in this team. There are both negative and positive ones. This article will take a closer look at them
Two-component polyurethane sealant: definition, creation, types and types, characteristics, properties and nuances of application
With long-term and high-quality sealing of seams and cracks, polyurethane two-component sealants have found their wide distribution. They have high deformation and elastic properties, therefore, they can be used as butt sealants in the field of repair and housing construction
Rokla with scales: description and advantages
Rokla with scales is a modern type of equipment that provides simultaneous transportation and weighing of various objects. In this article, we will consider in detail the device, advantages and features of the operation of this lifting unit
What is TPO membrane: description, specifications and reviews
TPO-membranes are laid by the method of laying and further welding of seams with hot air. This requires automatic equipment. The seam is high quality and durable. Roofing work can be carried out on roofs of any slope slopes. The membrane can be used in a variety of regions, for example, in countries with a humid or hot climate, as well as in the conditions of the North
Sewer pipe 110: dimensions, diameter, specifications and reviews
Practice shows that when laying sewerage systems, 110 mm pipes are the most popular. These products are used for the installation of various parts of the pipeline. The connector for connecting the toilet to the sewer has just such a diameter, which can be said about some outlets for bathrooms and showers
Oil in Kazakhstan: field, production and processing
Kazakhstan occupies a leading position in the world in the extraction of high-quality black gold. Oil production in Kazakhstan is carried out in the western regions of the country. According to experts, high-class valuable mineral reserves will last for several more centuries
Sewerage "Ostendorf": types, characteristics and photos
Systems are made from environmentally friendly substances. According to buyers, the Ostendorf silent sewer can be laid in multi-storey buildings. After all, it is comfortable to use. Pipes are lightweight. The walls, as buyers emphasize, are smooth
"ART-Furniture": reviews of customers and employees
Each of us strives to create a cozy atmosphere in our home, in which it would be comfortable not only for household members, but also for guests. You can't do without buying furniture in solving this issue. Many people advise choosing soft sofas from the ART-Furniture company. According to reviews, the company produces modern models with decent performance and interesting design
Dust collecting unit (PU). Types of dust collecting units
Many industrial processes are accompanied by air pollution, which necessitates timely cleaning of the workspace to improve sanitary conditions. Ventilation systems, even in industrial design, are not able to provide sufficient performance for the removal of fine particles produced by processing equipment. Therefore, in solving such problems, special dust-collecting units of various types and modifications are used
"Grad": MLRS firing range. Firing range "Grad" and "Hurricane"
The firing range of the Grad and Hurricane makes it possible to carry out tasks to defeat enemy equipment and manpower, both in open areas and in natural shelters. The salvo of the launcher will also cover lightly armored vehicles, as well as mortar and artillery crews in places of concentration. These products of the domestic military industry will be discussed in the article
Rocket-bombing installation (RBU-6000) "Smerch-2": history and performance characteristics
Smerch-2 ship rocket launcher (RBU-6000) is the brainchild of the Moscow Research Institute of Thermal Engineering, produced by Zavod No. 9 in Yekaterinburg. It is used to fight enemy submarines and torpedoes with depth charges
"Corvette-57": device, specifications, reviews
This drum grinding equipment is a machine for polishing and grinding flat planes. You can process blanks made of plastic or wood. Works "Corvette-57" due to a powerful engine that provides uniform processing of the plane
What is fabric made of? Classification of fabrics by type of raw materials, properties and purpose
Using fabric in everyday life, one does not even have thoughts about how significant this invention was for mankind. But without fabrics, life would be uncomfortable and unthinkable! A person is surrounded by tissues in all his life activities. When did the first fabric appear, and what is it currently made of? Let's talk about it in the article
Diameters of polyethylene pipes: external, internal, purpose of pipes
What diameters polyethylene pipes have, you now know. However, for the installation of these products, it is necessary to familiarize yourself with the features of docking. Connections may or may not be detachable. The former provide for the possibility of disassembling the system during operation. To create such a connection, steel flanges are used. During operation, disassembly cannot be carried out if the connection is one-piece
Chrome plating parts. Chrome parts in Moscow. Chrome parts in St. Petersburg
Chrome plating of parts is an opportunity to give them a new life and make them more reliable and of high quality in operation
Types, purpose and designations of bearings
Designations of bearings today are extremely actively used in various areas of modern production, because it is an absolutely indispensable part that is used today in the vast majority of a wide variety of mechanisms and assemblies
Khar'yaginskoye field. Oil field in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug
The Kharyaginskoye field is one of the main oil fields in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. For several decades of its history, it has changed operators several times
Axial exhaust fan used in industry
Axial fans are widely used due to their low noise level and high performance. For domestic premises, it is advisable to install an axial exhaust fan in a ventilation duct or in a window opening. A reversible type air handling unit is well suited for a window
Production of wooden windows: production technology
It is impossible to imagine a living space without a window, which is a conductor between the inner and outer space. Windows are made from different materials. But how wooden windows are made, and what types of them exist, read the article
Ball paint: description, characteristics, application
The names of paints in most cases come from their composition - acrylic, water dispersion, oil. Ball coatings from this rule are an exception. They got their name not by composition, but by color. Ball paints can be used both in everyday life and in painting or even the military field. One thing unites them - gray-smoky color
Elbor cutters: overview, features, GOST and reviews
The article is devoted to elbor cutters. The features of this tool, characteristics, user reviews, etc. are considered
Glued timber. Production and material features
When choosing a material for construction, more and more people pay attention to glued beams. Its production is carried out according to a special technology, thanks to which the output is an ideal material for the construction of walls
List of Russian NPPs. How many nuclear power plants in Russia
The article contains a list of nuclear power plants built in the USSR, mothballed and operating in the Russian Federation. The story of the creation of nuclear power in the Russian Federation is told
Oil-free compressor as a solution for clean compressed air
Oil-free compressor, their variety and principle of operation is the topic of this article. This device does not use compressor oil during operation. Such a compressor has both a number of advantages and disadvantages
Fire retardant paints: application features
Metal and steel structures, like other construction projects, need protection from fire. Fire extinguishers are used to prevent fire and limit the spread of fire. One of them is fire retardant paints. In everyday life, such protection measures are rarely resorted to, but in industrial construction they are mandatory
Rubber tiles: production from A to Z. List of required equipment and market overview
Rubber tiles, which can be produced independently, must be made according to a certain technology. This material appeared on the building goods market relatively recently. However, it can be noted that although this production is not widespread, it has good prospects
Maintenance of boiler rooms, repair and commissioning
The article is devoted to the maintenance of boiler rooms. Considered the nuances of repair operations and commissioning
The largest aircraft in the world - comfort and efficiency
The title of "the largest aircraft in the world" is one of those goals that has been driven by more than one aircraft manufacturer. Today, this place of honor among passenger liners is occupied by the development of European aircraft manufacturers - Airbus A380
How is cable ducting?
Cable ducting is necessary to protect the wires from atmospheric phenomena and the load of the soil and road surface. It is used for possible repair, replacement, as well as branching of telephone and electrical networks, while there is no need to open the soil and destroy the roadway
Chirkeyskaya HPP (Dagestan)
The attraction and pride of Dagestan - the Chirkeyskaya hydroelectric power station - is rightfully considered a pearl in the cascade of hydroelectric power stations on the Sulak River. Located in the canyon of the same name, whose rocky circus and depth are not inferior to the world-famous Grand Canyon in America, this station is not only an energy infrastructure facility, but also a tourist attraction
Diesel fuel is Types, grades, brands, classes of diesel fuel
Diesel fuel, which until recently was used in various industries, is becoming more in demand, as more passenger cars are produced with diesel engines, and owners of private vehicles have to understand the characteristics of this fuel
AMg-alloy: characteristics and properties
The use of aluminum as a structural material has been around for a very long time. However, it was distinguished only by its low specific gravity, good ductility and high corrosion resistance. The strength and hardness of this material were extremely low. The problem was partially eliminated by Soviet scientists, who added magnesium to the composition. Thus, AMg alloys were obtained for the first time
Shtil air defense system: technical description and comparison with analogues
Shtil air defense system: review, comparison with competitors, application, features, capabilities. Anti-aircraft missile system "Shtil": modifications, characteristics, photos
Maxim machine gun, American, English and Russian
Maxim machine gun (with emphasis on the first syllable) was named after its inventor, American Hiram Stevens Maxim. In 1883, he offered his brainchild to the US Army, but was refused
Shilka self-propelled anti-aircraft gun. ZSU-23-4 "Shilka"
The Shilka self-propelled anti-aircraft gun was put into service more than half a century ago. Despite such a respectable age for anti-aircraft weapons, four dozen states still have it in the arsenal of their armed forces
Such a handy folding knife
The folding knife is very convenient to use, especially for fishermen, hunters, hikers, etc. Currently, a wide range of these devices is offered, for every taste and budget
Construction of the Kislogubskaya TPP. tidal power plant
Introduction to the Kislogubskaya TPP is the right decision for those who want to find out what sources of alternative energy are available in Russia
Tank "Abrams": design and features
The name "Abrams" was given to the tank in honor of the general who fought in Vietnam. The Abrams tank is equipped with chemical and radiation reconnaissance equipment. It was created not as a means of breakthrough, but as an anti-tank vehicle that was supposed to stop or delay the tank forces of the USSR in Europe. The design of the tank at first was developed jointly with Germany
Clamshell bucket: types, features, disadvantages and advantages
Grab bucket is widely used for moving and loading bulk and coarse-grained materials, scrap and wood shavings, as well as long timber. It can be imagined as a large iron scoop made of two identical parts, jaws, which is attached to crane equipment for moving goods or to an excavator for excavation